Toi me whakangahau, Tuhinga
Whenua Subject i roto i Lermontov M.Yu. rotarota a Lermontov e pā ana ki te kāinga
Mihail Yurevich Lermontov, he pono tetahi o nga kaitito Russian rahi, tona ingoa kua kawea mai te mau papai o to tatou whenua rongo te ao. I runga i te uara o ona ai ki runga i te par ki taua geniuses nui rite Alexander Pushkin ko NV Gogol.
Ko te wā matua auaha o te rohi pehe: Romantic (1828-1832), te whakawhitinga (1833-1836) me te pakeke (1837-1841). Kaupapa whenua i roto i Lermontov rere i roto i tona mahi katoa.
Mai te waenganui-1830, tīmata te pehe ki te whiwhi ona hapu whaiāipo motuhake o te tukanga hītori, me te pāpori, i hanga i taua wa i roto i te rerehua Pākehā taumauri me historiography (AV Schlegel, Hegel GF, GG Gervinus A z. Herder et al.), me te tuhinga Russian, me te Pākehā (Schiller, Goethe, Bestuzhev, W. Scott, N. Field, K. Ryleev, wawe Gogol me ētahi atu).
wā kōrero me whakatupuranga
Ka rite mea I. Goethe, me ite te artist tenei tukanga rite te hanumi huihui te mua, me te hakari. E ai ki a GG Gervinus, tangata auaha rite te mema o tona hiahia ki te waiho i te toa "i roto i te ope o te whakarau." i matau Tuhinga te rite te iteraa o te hononga tonu i waenganui i te heke mai, me ngā mahi o mua i roto i te hakari.
Ite ano i roto i te tūranga rite, e Lermontov te tiaki o te tangata te tangata. Iteraa i te hononga o whakatupuranga, me ngā reanga, Mikhail i te wa ano e haere i roto i to ratou āputa whakaari. Ko te mooni makariri te pato'i i mahara he aha te mua hautoa o te iwi Russian. ārai reira te whakamahi, mahi pāpori nui o te aroha pono, e kawea tahi iwi i roto i te hapori tino whakawhanakehia, whakanohoia ratou ki runga ki te taumata hou o morare, me te wairua whaiaro iteraa-me te whanaketanga.
Tuakiri-kōrero-mure ore
Rerekē i te mua i teie nei, Lermontov, te kaupapa o te taiao, me te motherland whakakitea nei i roto i nga mahi maha, kia rite ki VF Egorova, e hiahia ana ki te tutakina i te tātai o "tuakiri-hītori-mure ore" wae waenganui. Te mautohe i ki hītori, kite Mikhail tona mahi i roto i te totohe o te whakatupuranga o nāianei o te ngoikore o me te tau'a (te maau "Duma") me te whakamahara o te mua hautoa kororia o te iwi ( "Borodino").
DS Merezhkovsky debunks te pūrākau o te Solovyov kiia "rewera" Lermontov. ta ia e te tahi mau taime, pānui tuhinga hou, pohehe whakaaro ia te panga e ia ia mooni Russian ruha. Kōrero i waenganui i te rima tekau tau whakamutunga i roto i te mara o te tuhinga me te mooni, te kaituhi tuhi, ngaro. Ka kitea tēnei i roto i te mahi o Lermontov.
"Song e pā ana ki Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich"
ngā "Song e pā ana ki Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ..." Kei roto i te kuputuhi epic kotahi i hanga e te kaituhi rite te moe, he moe o te mua kororia rongonui, i te Russian "te tafifi i te iwi" ahei o te patunga tapu, he mahi hautoa me te mahi i roto i te ingoa o ngā whāinga teitei, " te ture mure ore "te kukume i te tangata ki taua mahi itoito. tonu ratou i te iti roa, engari ake noho i roto i te mahara o te iwi, mā te whakakotahi i "tonu" ki "mure ore". whenua Subject i roto i Lermontov maha whakakitea i roto i enei mahi, e, kia rite ki a Mikhail Yurevich, kėia he atu pūrākau pūrākau e mo te toi me te kaituhi rite Alexander mea, Pushkin, "fiefia" i te haamana'oraa o mua.
Ko nga kupu o te momo hou
hanga Lermontov tona rotarota e ngā nga lyrics o te momo hou ki te pāhekoheko tika o iho, hītori me te wheako whaiaro me te whakaaro taumauri hou. Kei te hoki synthesized te reira i te matewai o te oaoa i te fenua nei, me te whakaaro hinengaro, whakatau me te mau hiaai whaiaro me kare, tapu, kupu metaphysical me te korero ia rā.
hāngai Lermontov i runga i nga ariā faufaa katoa taumauri e pā ana ki te tangata, me te oranga tangata (Kant, GWF Hegel, Schelling, Fichte IG et al.), Otiia kihai i hoatu e hiahia ki tetahi o ratou. tahuri tona whakaaro whiti ki te mea o te whaiaro matauranga-me mōhiotanga o te ao, ki te hinga i te whāititanga o te rationalism me rapunga whakaaro subjectivism tūturu i roto i te romanticism hou, te whakakore te amahamaharaa i mooni nāianei, e rere ana ki te rapu uara fakalaumālie tūturu.
MY Lermontov, whaki te āhuatanga fakamamahi o Russia hou, me te whakaaro tangata i roto i tenei whenua, tonu rapu huarahi rerekē ki te hoki mai te tangata ki te katoa motu, te iwi, te tokotoko o te Atua. Ka rite ki te hua, te rohi pehe, whakawhenumi me te ngaungau nga whakatutukitanga o Russian, me te ao o te whakaaro whiti, whakatuwheratia e ahau nga opuaraa mo te whanaketanga o te ahunga hou - symbolist 19 whiti taumata me te rau tau 20, ka rite ki te pai kia rite ki te heke mai katoa o te whiti.
whenua Subject i roto i te rotarota Lermontov oroko i roto i te wa uaua o te whakawhitinga. Ki te whakaurua te mana me te expressiveness o Lermontov ao o ngā wheako, me ngā whakaaro whakawhanakehia tuakiri fakalaumālie o wā tauwhirowhiro o nāianei. I hanga i rite te rohi pehe i roto i te rohe i waenganui i te roha o te pūnaha serf feudal me te kore o te tino i roto i te heke mai, kei te mālohi faaite te reira i tenei āhua takawaenga o te ngakau, e haehae ana i te mekameka shackling ana ariā tawhito, engari tonu e kore te kimi turanga hou.
MY Lermontov. Kāinga: kaupapa, me te whakaaro
whenua Subject i roto i nga mahi o Lermontov, akina atu te hononga o te takitahi me te āhua Mikhail Yurevich uru te tautuhinga o ngā raruraru matatika, me te pāpori-taumauri whakapeka. I te wa ano i reira pahara, pera kahore i te ahua i roto i te ariā o te rohi pehe he huinga o whanaunga i roto i te hapori, me te takitahi, tirohia i te tirohanga o te natura ao.
"Duma"
E whakaatu ana te tuakiri Lermontov i pato'iraa ki te ao katoa e te mea whai hua, engari maha kino mo tona whakakāhoretanga o te mea katoa e te rahiri haere noa o wawata tiketike. I roto i tenei take, tahuri te pehe ki hono to'utangatá. I roto i te pehepehe "Duma," i tuhituhia i roto i te tau 1838, he whakaaro pouri o whakatupuranga, meake ki te haere i roto i te ora, kahore mahue he wahi i roto i te aamu, whakakapi tona moe taitamariki o te itoito whaiāipo.
Ua ite Lermontov titauhia ki whakamōhio ana to'utangatá te pono e pā ana ki te āhuatanga fifi i roto i nei i reira ko ratou hinengaro, me te wairua. I roto i te whakaaro o Mikhail Yurevich, ko reira he papaku, ngoikore-mea tohe ki, hunga wehi whakatupuranga ora, kahore tetahi tumanako mo te heke mai. Tenei i te mea pea paetae o te rohi pehe uaua nui atu i ki te hinaaro mo te whakaaro ki o ratou whenua, me ona haere noa mate i runga i te turanga. No te mea hoariri kore anake o Lermontov, engari ara te hunga hoki e korerotia e ia tenei pono pouri, whakawakia Mikhail Yurevich o kohukohu te hapori nāianei. VG anake Belinsky ki tona matauranga phenomenal taea te kitea i roto i te "mātao, me te pai-natured" huru ki te ora Lermontov whakapono i roto i te honore, me te rangatiratanga o te ora tangata.
He feat i te ingoa o te motherland
kihai i Mikhail hiahia me e kore i taea e huna hoki i ona whakaaro. Katoa rotarota, mau ha'uti taata ora, whiti me mau ati e tona pene i roto i nga tau kotahi tekau ma toru o te auaha kaha - ko pono tenei he feat i te ingoa o te motherland me haere noa. kitea whenua Subject i te mahi o Lermontov te i roto i te glorification o te wikitoria Russian i roto i te pehepehe "Borodino", i roto i te rārangi rongonui "aroha ahau te fatherland ..." e kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i tokomaha o nga mahi, e kore e tika te kōrero e pā herekore, e kore e pā ana ki te kāinga, engari mo te whakarite o te rohi pehe, te whakarau o te whakatupuranga, te toto poauau, herehere mokemoke, kau o te ora, whakaraua. E mahara ana tona whakatupuranga nāianei o te mua hautoa o te iwi ( "Song e pā ana ki Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich", "Borodino"), faaite ia whakapono i roto i te pūmanawa tangata auaha, me te itoito, e taea hinga te ati o te heke mai, te hītori, me te āhuatanga o nāianei. Te aroha hoki Lermontov whenua tupu i kaha, mahi.
aito o Lermontov i te pehepehe "Mai i Andreya Shene" whakaata i runga i te hiahia mō te mahi tūmatanui i roto i te mahi, "10 Hōngongoi 1830" me "Hōngongoi 30 (Paris) 1830" rapu te reira ki te whai wāhi i roto i te whawhai hou a whakamanuhiritia nga kaiuru, i roto i te pehepehe "matapae" o ana peita ngā te ngangaretanga.
Whenua i roto i te waihanga wawe
Ko te toa o te whiti wawe - Byron me Napoleon - waiata hoki Mikhail te mahi tūmatanui. Heoi, i tona whakaaturanga o te tutū pāhoro, rite te hero o Napoleon mahi volitional, he fepakipaki. tuhituhi Lermontov e kotahi tau nō ka hurihia te arikitanga te, ka mutu iwi ki te aroha i te Kingi, me "he kai o maha mate, me te toto." pikitia whakaahuatia - te hua o te whakatikanga ake i roto i te whenua - ko te ngali me tino rerekē i te mea he wa hari i rapu hoki i te aito. Ko reira te apotheosis o te hepohepo, te whakangaromanga, te mauiui taehae.
"Prediction"
I roto i te pehepehe "matapae", tuhituhia e te rohi pehe noa ono i roto i te 1830, Lermontov poropiti o kino tata me nga nunu'a pouri o taua ngā. Ko te ahua e wehingia ana o te kaitiaki whakaata i ia i roto i te kakahu pango. Tenei kupu whakarite image o te pouri te rapu, kitea inaianei te mea o nga kapua o te paowa, me te rau.
Kua i roto i ona rotarota wawe Lermontov faaite ti'aturi ore i roto i te iwi, me te ora, te hepohepo. I muri mai, te upooti'araa i te attraction Muse Byron, kei te ngana ia ki te kitea te tautoko mo ratou mana'o i roto i te mooni iho. whenua Subject i roto i Lermontov tīmata ki te tangi rerekē. whakaahua ana ia te aroha mo te whenua taketake (whakaaro, hei tauira, te "kāinga" o tātari irava o Lermontov), he mana'o o hanumi ki te natura, e puta ki te wheako o au i te ao ( "A, no te nga ngaru kōwhaitanga koane").
"Borodino"
Te huri i te tūmomo
whiti a Lermontov i te kaupapa o "Homeland" Kua radically ke me tona momo. tautohetohe Didactics wawe "Borodino Field" Kua oti te tapanga ia māori, didactics korokē kōrero te hinaaro ohie, me te mārama. Ko te hua o "Borodino" Ko te taone. 'I hono kehé, ko reira he pukapuka Makiri, i roto i nei te scene o te whawhai ka tahuri i roto i tona polemic ki te mangere, puhoi, ia tau'a, rite ki te rohi pehe, tino. Belinsky tukinotia "Borodino" rite te whene o mahi i roto i nei te mua - te kōrero o te toa tawhito, whakaaturanga kiko o scenes o te whawhai, tana tirohanga, i te tuarua - te kawa o te tawai, rerekē mua me te hakari, i te whakakitenga i he pānga ara kaha i roto i te pehepehe "Duma".
whenua Subject i roto i Lermontov te tühonohono te ki te ariā o te iwi, me te iwi. tuhia Belinsky e kua ki Lermontov i ki te wairua o te iwi, hanumi ki a ia. Kia mōhio ano e mahi i te rohi pehe i roto i te wā o te stagnation. I roto i aua tau whakaara ake te pātai o te whanaketanga atu o te kāwanatanga, me tona heke mai. Mikhail Yurevich whakatika wawe rawa mana'o tāmau whenua, me te muri ka te nui tino. I tonu te tamaiti o ma rima, taku Lermontov, Kāinga kaupapa e rere i roto i te mahi katoa, i tuhituhi: "aroha ana ahau ki te kāinga me te ake mo te tokomaha" (te whiti "kite ahau i te atarangi o te kāpasá ni ...").
Ko te hero lyrical hou
I muri i 1837, tino huri te hero lyrical: timata ia ki te ite rite ki ētahi atu iwi, atu i te rewera. Tautuhi ake ka rite ki te patunga o te wā, tohe ia tona fakafofonga. He he moni i roto i te ora, me te tahi atu iwi, ara wairua, tahitanga roto ki a ratou, i ētahi wā tahuri ki te huringa ki te hoia herehere ranei ( "Neighbor", "tata", "te herehere," "whakaraua Knight"). I roto i tenei āwhiwhitanga te hero o wāhitanga hou. kaha mana'o ia te horihori o individualism, te undecidability o ona ngā whakahēnga ā-, takakawe ki te kitea te tautoko mo ratou mana'o. tīmata hou ki te tangi, me te kaupapa o te motherland i nga mahi o Lermontov.
Ko te ahua fakataipe o te motherland
Te rohi pehe, te whaiāipo, a ka hanga he whakapakoko te whakatakiruatanga o tohu o to ratou whenua. whiti a Lermontov i te kaupapa o "Homeland" whakaatu i te reira rite te tetahi pai. Mikhail Lermontov, kua auraa te rota ki te whakahawea iwi kahore e nei i te reira, noa i te mauiui, me te weriweri nei whenua. whakataurite ratou e ia ki te kapua (te maau "kapua", 1840), tonu hauhautanga me wewete, e rere ana ki te tonga i witi pakoko hōhā.
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