GIS - Ko ... Geographic Information Systems

GIS - GIS ko te pūnaha pūkoro hou, e whai te kaha ki te whakaatu i tō tauwāhi i runga i te mahere. I te ngakau o tenei taonga nui ko te whakamahi o rua hangarau: mōhiohio matawhenua, me te tūnga ao. Ki te he GPS-kaiwhiwhi tāmau te pūrere pūkoro, te whakamahi i taua he pūrere e taea te whakatau i tona wāhi, me te reira tika faaau GIS iho. Kia aroha mai, hangarau mōhiohio matawhenua me ngā pūnaha i roto i te tuhinga pūtaiao Russian-reo, faahoho'ahia e te maha iti o ngā tānga, reira ngā kahore mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hātepe e à ratou taumahinga.

whakarōpū GIS

Geographic Information Systems wehenga e wahi i runga i te parau tumu rohe:

1. whakamahia GIS Global te ki te ārai tangata-i hanga me fakatamaki fakanatulá mai 1997. Ki enei raraunga ko reira taea i roto i te ki te wā poto ngā o te wā matapae te tauine o te kino, he mahere o toremi o te mau hopearaa, ki te aromatawai i te kino me te mate o te ora, me te ki te whakarite mahi fakaetangatá.
2. whakawhanakehia rohe Geographic Information Pūnaha i te taumata terenga. āhei te reira i mana ā-rohe ki te matapae i te whanaketanga o tetahi te rohe. tohu tēnei pūnaha tata katoa te wāhi nui, pērā i te haumi, rawa, whakatere waka, mōhiohio, ture me etahi atu. he utu ano hoki te reira fakatokanga'i e ki te whakamahi o ēnei hangarau te whai wāhi mahi rite te tiai o haumaru i roto i te katoa o te taupori. whakamahia tēnei wā rohe Geographic Information Pūnaha rawa tōtika mā te whakatairanga haumi me te tupu tere o te ōhanga o te rohe.

Ia o nga rōpū i runga ake he tetahi momoroto:

• Ko te GIS ao ngā pūnaha motu, me te subcontinental, te tikanga ki te mana kāwanatanga.
• I te rohe - rohe, iti-rohe, rohe.

Raraunga i runga i ngā pūnaha mōhiohio raraunga taea te kitea i roto i ngā wāhanga motuhake o te whatunga, ka karanga geoportals. E whakanohoia ratou i roto i te rohe whānui mō te arotake, kahore tetahi here.

parau tumu o te mahi

mahi pūnaha mōhiohio matawhenua i runga i te parau tumu o te tā ki runga, me te whakawhanake i te hātepe. āhei te reira whakaaturia kaupapa o te ahanoa i runga i te mahere GIS, tae atu i te kaupapa o te pūrere pūkoro i roto i te pūnaha rohe. Hei whakaatu i tēnei wāhi i roto i te rohe tuhi, e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio i te iti rawa e rua taunga - X me te Y. ka hiahiatia te nekehanga o te ahanoa i runga i te mahere e ki te whakatau i te raupapa o taunga (Xk me Yk). Me hāngai ratou mahi ki nga wa rerekē o te pūnaha GIS rohe. Ko te pūtake mō te whakatau i te wāhi o te ahanoa tenei.

Ka taea te tiki i tēnei raupapa o taunga i te NMEA-kōnae paerewa o te GPS-kaiwhiwhi, te mahi i te kaupapa tūturu i runga i te whenua. Ko te kupu, e hāngai ana i runga i te hātepe whakaaro konei ko te whakamahi o te raraunga NMEA-kōnae ki te taunga o te trajectory o te ahanoa i roto i te rohe tetahi. Ka taea te whiwhi te raraunga e tika ana kia rite ki te hua o te whaihanga o te tukanga o te kaupapa i runga i te pūtake o whaihanga rorohiko.

hātepe GIS

E hanga pūnaha mōhiohio matawhenua i runga i nga raraunga taketake, e kua riro ki te whakawhanake i te hātepe. Tikanga, he huinga o taunga (Xk ko Yk), e ōrite ana ki te poroāwhio o te ahanoa i te puka o te NMEA-kōnae me te mahere GIS mamati i te wāhi pae tīpakohia. Ko te wero, ko te ki te whakawhanake i tētahi hātepe e whakaatu te nekehanga o te ahanoa pūwāhi. I roto i te akoranga o tenei mahi i tātarihia e toru hātepe, whāriki i te mahi.

• Ko te hātepe GIS tuatahi - i te reira NMEA-kōnae tātari raraunga i roto i te tikanga ki te tango i reira te taururuku raupapa (Xk ko Yk),
• whakamahia te hātepe tuarua te ki te tātai i te koki ahanoa o te ara, whakamana i te tawhā tatau i te aronga te rawhiti.
• Ko te hātepe tuatoru - ki te whakatau i te auau o te whanaunga ahanoa ki te faariro i.

hātepe whānui: ariā whānui

He hātepe papatono te whakatakiruatanga o mo mahere i te kaupapa o te ahanoa pūwāhi i runga i te mahere GIS ngā toru Hātepe whakahuatia i mua:

• raraunga NMEA tātaritanga;
• te tātai i ara koki o te ahanoa;
• te whakatau i te akoranga o te whanaunga ahanoa ki whenua huri noa te ao.

pūnaha mōhiohio matawhenua ki te hātepe whānui ki te huānga mana taketake - he matawā (Matawā). raruraru Paerewa o reira ko e taea ai te reira i te hōtaka ki te whakaputa ngā i wā auau. Mā te he ahanoa taua taea te whakaturia wā e hiahiatia ana ki te mahi i te huinga o ngā tukanga mahi ranei. Hei tauira, ki toutou mahi te wā wā o tetahi rua, he mea e tika ana ki te whakaturia te āhuatanga e whai ake nei o te Matawā:

• Timer.Interval = 1000;
• Timer.Enabled = True.

Ka rite ki te hua, ka tīmata nga tuarua te tikanga o te tai'oraa i te taunga X, Y o te ahanoa o te-kōnae NMEA, kia whakaaturia tenei wāhi ki te taunga whiwhi i runga i te mahere GIS.

Ko te parau tumu o te mahi matawā

Whakamahi o ngā pūnaha geoinformation ko e whai ake:

1. I runga i te mahere mamati toru ira tohua (tohu - 1, 2, 3) e hāngai ana ki te trajectory o te ahanoa i rerekē ngā wā tk2, tk1, tk. Ratou tino e hono e te raina mārō.
2. Tahuri i runga i a atu te matawā, te kaupapa mana whakaatu o te ahanoa runga te mahere, mā te whakamahi i, fakamālohii te kaiwhakamahi te pātene. Ka taea te ako ratou faufaa, me tetahi huinga i raro i te kaupapa.

-Kōnae NMEA

whakaahua poto tatou i te hanganga o te NMEA-kōnae GIS. Tēnei tuhinga te tuhituhi i roto i te hōputu ASCII. I roto i te meka, he mea he kawa mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenganui i te GPS-kaiwhiwhi me ētahi atu whakaaro pērā i te PC PDA ranei. tīmata ia karere NMEA ki te tohu $, aru e te pūrere tāutu e rua-pūāhua (mo te GPS-kaiwhiwhi - GP) me mutu te raupapa \ r \ n - pūāhua hoki hariata me te rainahou. Tika o te raraunga i roto i te whakamōhiotanga, tei runga i te momo o te karere. roto ngā mōhiohio katoa i roto i te raina kotahi, ki te mara wehea e ngā piko.

I roto i te tikanga ki te mārama me pēhea te nga pūnaha mōhiohio matawhenua, he reira ranea ki te ako i te momo whānui whakamahia o te karere $ GPRMC, e kei te iti, engari te huinga taketake o te raraunga: tauwāhi o te ahanoa, tona tere, me te wā.
Fakakaukau angé ki he tauira motuhake ki runga i ngā mōhiohio whakawaeheretia i roto i te reira:

• te rā o te whakatau i nga taunga o te ahanoa - January 7, 2015 g;.
• UTC UTC Positioning - 52s 10h 54m;
• faaau o te ahanoa - 55 ° 22,4271 'N me 36 ° 44,1610 'E

fakamamafa'i tatou e te taunga o te ahanoa kei roto i nga nekehanga me meneti, homai nei ahua muri ake ki te wha nga wahi ira (ngā ranei rite te wahi ira o te tau tūturu i roto i te hōputu USA). I roto i te heke mai ka hiahia koe e kōnae i roto i te wāhi NMEA-ahopae o te ahanoa kei roto i te tūranga i muri i te toru o nga piko me ahopou - i muri i te tuarima. I te mutunga o te karere tuku te Checksum i muri i te tohu '*' i te puka o mati hautekaumāono e rua - 6C.

Pūnaha Information Geographic: Tauira o hātepe

A feruri i Hātepe tātaritanga NMEA-kōnae i roto i te tikanga ki te tiki i te huinga o taunga (X me Yk), e ōrite ana ki te ara o te kaupapa o te ahanoa. Kei te hanga te reira o te maha kaupae karapīpiti.

Whakatau i o nga taunga o te ahanoa Y

NMEA Hātepe tātaritanga raraunga

Hipanga 1. Lau GPRMC string o NMEA-kōnae.

Hipanga 2: Kimihia te toru o nga tūranga ira i roto i te aho (q).

Hipanga 3: Kimihia te tūranga o te wha o nga wāhi i roto i te aho (r).

Hipanga 4. Kimihia, tīmata i te q tūnga, te pūāhua ira (t).

Hipanga 5. Ki te tango i tetahi huru i te aho kei roto i te tūranga (r + 1).

Hipanga 6: Ki te tenei huru ko W, ka kua whakatakotoria NorthernHemisphere te ana'iraa ki te 1, te kore -1.

Hipanga 7. Tangohanga (r + 2) rarangi o pūāhua tīmata i te tūranga o (t-2).

Hipanga 8. Tangohanga (TQ-3) rarangi o pūāhua tīmata i te tūranga (q + 1).

Hipanga 9. Tahuri string ki tau tūturu me te Y fakafekau'aki o te ahanoa computed i roto i tātoro.

Whakatau i o nga taunga o te ahanoa X

Hipanga 10. Kimihia te tūranga o te rima te wāhi i roto i te rārangi (n).

Hipanga 11. Kimihia te tūranga o te wāhi tuaono i roto i te rārangi (m).

Hipanga 12: Kimihia, tīmata i te tūnga n, te pūāhua ira (p).

Hipanga 13. Tangohia te kotahi pūāhua o te aho kei i tūnga (m + 1).

Hipanga 14. Ki te tenei huru ko 'E', ka te whakaturia te tāupe EasternHemisphere ki te 1, te kore -1.

Hipanga 15. Tangohia te (m-p + 2) rarangi o pūāhua tīmata i te tūranga (p-2).

Hipanga 16. Tangohia te (p-n + 2) rarangi o pūāhua tīmata i te tūranga (n + 1).

Hipanga 17. Tahuri string ki tau tūturu me te tātai X fakafekau'aki o te ahanoa i roto i tātoro.

Hipanga 18. Ki te te kore i kite i te-kōnae NMEA ki te mutunga, ka haere ki te taahiraa 1, te kore haere ki te takahanga 19.

Hipanga 19. Whakaoti hātepe.

I roto i te taahiraa 6, me 16 o te hātepe whakamahi taurangi a NorthernHemisphere EasternHemisphere waehere tau mō wāhi ahanoa i roto i te ao. I roto i te raki (tonga) tuakoi NorthernHemisphere tāupe e te uara 1 (-1), aua, rite i roto i te rawhiti (uru) tuakoi EasternHemisphere - 1 (-1).

Taupānga o GIS

Ko te whakamahi o ngā pūnaha mōhiohio matawhenua he whānui i roto i ngā wāhi maha:

• Geology me cartography;
• hokohoko me te ratonga;
• rārangi;
• ohaoha me te whakahaere;
• korero;
• engineering;
• mātauranga me ētahi atu.