He aha te mea hauota? hauota Mass. rāpoi ngota hauota

Ko te huānga kore-konganuku o te rōpū 15 [Va] Taka Pūmotu - hauota ngota 2 o e ngā ki te hanga i te rāpoi ngota - hau koretae, koreami me te akeake whakatu he wahi nui o te kōhauhau o te whenua, me i he wāhanga o nga mea ora katoa.

History o whakahura

Nitrogen hau ko e pā ana ki 4/5 o kōhauhau o te whenua. I tawhiti te reira i roto i te tīmatanga o Air Rangahau. I roto i te 1772, Swedish Himik Karl Wilhelm Scheele tuatahi ki te whakaatu e te hauota taua. E ai ki a ia, te rangi ko te ranunga o rua haurehu, tetahi o i huaina e ia "rangi ahi", e ko ki te tautoko i te parariraa, me ētahi atu - .. "rangi poke" no te mea e mau ana te reira i muri i te tuatahi pau. Ko enei te hāora, me te hauota. kua huri te hauota wa taua kua taratahi e te huaota Kotimana Daniel Rutherford, ko wai whakaputaina tuatahi ana kitenga, me te te kēmihi Ingarangi Henry Cavendish me te minita Ingarangi, me te pūtaiao Dzhozefom Pristli, nei ngā ki Scheele tino ƒcivilisation≈ o te kitea o te hāora. Kua whakaaturia atu rangahau e hau hou ko wāhanga o te pākawa pāhare pāporo ranei pākawa (KNO _3), a, i runga i, i te ingoa ia o te hauota ( "hoatu whanau saltpeter") e te kēmihi French Chaptal i 1790 i pēnei tuatahi Nitrogen ki nga mea timatanga matū o Lavoisier, nei whakamārama o te tūranga o te hāora i roto i te parariraa i haapapu i te ariā phlogiston - rongonui i roto i te rau tau XVIII. ngingiha pōhēhē. Ko te ngoikore o tenei huānga matū ki te tautoko i te ora (ζωή Kariki) ko te take e Lavoisier ingoa hauota hau.

Ko te putanga, me te horapa

He aha te mea hauota? E ai ki te nui o ngā huānga matū, runga ia te ono. kōhauhau o te whenua ki te 75,51% i te taimaha me te 78,09% i te rōrahi titoa te o te huānga me ko reira he puna nui mo te ahumahi. Kei hoki te huru te nui iti o te haukini me te haukinia tai, me te waikura hauota me te waikawa hauota, i hanga i roto i uira, me te i roto i engines ngingiha ā-. kitea hauota Free te i roto i meteorites maha, hau puia me te aku, me etahi puna kohuke, te ra, te whetu, me te Nebulae.

Kei te kitea Nitrogen hoki i roto i putunga kohuke o pāhare pāporo me te konutai pākawa, engari ki te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia te tangata rawaka. Ko tētahi atu rauemi taonga i roto i tenei huānga ko guano, e taea te kitea i roto i te poka, te wahi rota o pekapeka, nga wahi maroke pinepine e manu ranei. Hoki, i roto hauota e i roto i te ua, me te oneone i roto i te puka o te haukini me te haukinia tai, a i roto i te wai moana i roto i te puka o katote haukinia (NH ₄ ^+), nitrite (NO ₂ ^-) me te pākawa (NO ₃ ^-). Ko te toharite Ko e pā ana ki 16% o matatini ngā pūhui matū waro pērā i pūmua, he hakari i roto i kaiao ora katoa. Te ihirangi tūturu i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, ko te 0.3 wahi i 1000. Tuhinga i roto i te wāhi - i 3 ki te 7 ngota ia silicon ngota.

Ko te whenua te whakaputa nui o hauota (rite haukini) i roto i te timatanga o te rau tau XXI, ko India, Russia, te United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine.

production arumoni me te whakamahi

hāngai ana production Industrial o te hauota i runga i te iheu hautanga o te rangi liquefied. He rite ki te -195,8 ° C, 13 ° C i raro i taua o te hāora, ko te kupu nei i wehea tōna pāmahana e koropupu ana. taea hoki te hua hauota i runga i te tauine nui i te parariraa o te waro waiwaro ranei i roto i te rangi, me te wehe i te hauhā hua me te wai i te hauota wäriu. I roto i te tauine iti whakaputaina hauota parakore e te whakawera i te konu azide Ba (N _{3) 2.} Laboratory tauhohenga ngā whakawera he otinga o te haukinia nitrite (NH ₄ KORE _2), te piti hāora o te haukini me te otinga pūkeha wai ranei ki wera waikura parahi :

• NH ₄ ^{+ +} NO ₂ ^- → N ₂ + 2H ₂ O.
• 8NH ₃ + 3Br ₂ → N ₂ + 6NH ₄ ^{+ +} 6Br ^-.
• 2NH ₃ + 3CuO → N ₂ + 3H ₂ E + 3Cu.

Ka taea te whakamahi hauota timatanga hei huru e mangere mō ngā tauhohe tono whakarerenga o te hāora, me te makuku. Kei te whakamahia me te hauota wai. Hauwai, mewaro, te waro haukura, hāora, köwhai, me - te taonga anake e kore he nei, ka mata o te hauota kohua i roto i te āhua tioata totoka.

I roto i te ahumahi matū, whakamahia tenei āhuatanga matū te ki te ārai hāora atu spoilage ranei, hei diluent e mangere, ki te hau urupare tango i te wera ranei matū, me te he inhibitor ahi pahū ranei. I roto i te ahumahi kai, whakamahia hauota hau te ki te ārai spoilage, me te wai - mō ngā pūnaha Freeze-whakamaroke me te tautauā. I roto i ārai te hau ahumahi hiko hāora, me te tahi atu tauhohe matū, pressurizes te takotoranga taura me tiaki nga Motors. I roto i te metallurgy, whakamahia hauota e i roto i te fehokotaki'anga me brazing, te ārai hāora, carburization, me decarburization. Ka rite ki te hau paruparu e whakamahia ai i roto i te hanga o maiengi rapa, kirihou me elastomers, tavini te reira rite te propellant i roto i kēne aerosol, a hoki hanga he pēhanga i roto i te seti wahie wai. I roto i te rongoā, whakamahia mīti tere ki te hauota wai te ki te rokiroki toto, wheua wheua, kikokiko, huakita me te parāoa. Kua kitea e ia tono i roto i te rangahau cryogenic.

hononga

Te nuinga o te hauota whakamahia i roto i te hanga o ngā pūhui matū. Ko na kaha (226 kcal ia kamiriona o rua ki runga ake i taua o te hauwai rāpoi), whakauaua tomo e hauota muingota ki ētahi atu pūhui te here reatoru i waenganui i nga ngā ngota o te huānga.

Ko te tikanga ahumahi huānga warea matua he tukanga Haber-Bosch mo te kōtuitui o haukini whakawhanakehia i roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao, Germany ki te whakaiti i fakafalala i runga i te pākawa Chilean. Kei roto te reira i te kōtuitanga tika o NH ₃ - haurehu taekore ki te mangeo, kakara irritating - tika i ona āhuatanga.

Kei te tahuri te nuinga o te haukini ki te waikawa hauota (HNO _3), me te pūhau - tai me ngā hākawa o waikawa hauota, houra pungarehu (Na ₂ CO _3), hydrazine (N ₂ H ₄₎ - wai taekore whakamahia rite te propellant, a i roto i te maha ahumahi ngā tukanga.

waikawa hauota Ko te atu pūhui matū arumoni nui o te huānga. whakamahia taekore, tino ha'iriiri e wai te i roto i te hanga o maniua, waikano, taero me explosives. Haukini pākawa (NH ₄ NO ₃₎ - tote o te haukini me te hauota waikawa - ko te wāhanga hauota tongi tino noa.

Hāora + hauota

hanga C te raupapa o te hāora, waikura hauota, r. H. Nitrous waikura (N ₂ E), i roto i te mea reira rite ki te honohono, o +1 waikura (KORE) (+2) me te hāorarua (KORE ₂₎ (4). He maha waikura hauota tino ahua; Ko ratou nga puna matua o te parahanga i roto i te huru. waikura Nitrous, hoki e mohiotia ana kata hau, Kei te ētahi wā whakamahia hei rongoā. A, no te hau, faatupu te reira tangi ngawari. tauhohe tere waikura nitric ki te hāora ki te hanga i te hauhā hua takawaenga parauri i roto i te hanga o te waikawa hauota me te kaha āpitihāora i roto i ngā tukanga matū me te propellant.

whakamahia hoki e te tahi mau nitrides i hanga e te konganuku ki te pūhui hauota i pāmahana teitei. E tono motuhake Nitrides o boron, Titanium, zirconium me tantalum. Ko tētahi puka, tioata o boron nitride (BN), hei tauira e kore he iho ki te taimana i roto i te pakeke, a oxidized kino reira whakamahia rite nui-auaha.

cyanides pararopi Kei roto rōpū CN ^-. Hauwai cyanide ranei waikawa hydrocyanic HCN, he tino ahua, me te hau tino paitini e whakamahia nei mō ngā nohanga Tuhinga ore i roto i te tahi atu tukanga ahumahi. whakamahia Cyanogen (CN) ₂ te rite te matū Tuhinga takawaenga me mo.

Azides he pūhui e roto i te rōpū o toru ngota hauota -N _3. Ko te nuinga o ratou iu, me te rawa tairongo ki puranga. Etahi o ratou, pērā i azide mata, Pb (N _{3) 2,} whakamahia i roto i detonators me primers. Azides, rite kōnakonako, ngā taunekeneke ki ētahi atu matū ki te hanga i te plurality o pūhui.

Nitrogen Ko te wahi o te maha mano o ngā pūhui matū waro. E ahu mai te nuinga o ratou i te haukini, hauwai cyanide, Cyanogen, Sinks ranei waikawa hauota. Amines, waikawa amino, amides, hei tauira, i takea mai i haukini ranei te pā tata ki reira. Nitroglycerine me nitrocellulose - nitric hākawa. i rite nitrite i te waikawa Sinks (HNO _2). Purines me pāhare he pūhui heterocyclic i ai whakakapi te hauota kotahi, neke atu rānei ngota waro.

Ngā Āhuatanga me ngā hohenga

He aha te mea hauota? Ko te hau koretae, koreami e condenses i -195,8 ° C, te huitahi, iti pokey wai. vai Huānga i te puka o N ₂ rāpoi ngota, māngai i roto i te puka: N ::: N:, i roto i nei te pūngao here rite ki te 226 kcal ia kamiriona, tuarua ki te waro haukura anake (256 kilocalories ia kamiriona). Hoki tenei take, he tiketike rawa te pūngao whakahohenga o hauota rāpoi, na i roto i ngā āhuatanga noa ko ngā mangere te huānga. Ano, tino rāpoi ngota hauota kainga nui whai wāhi ki te tapepe thermodynamic o maha pūhui hauota, i roto i nei te hononga, ara, ki te kaha nui, engari whanaunga iho hauota rāpoi.

Ngā tata, me te kaha o i ohorere kitea nga rāpoi hauota mahi rite ligands mō pūhui matatini. Te mātakitaki etahi rongoā o complexes ruthenium e taea mimiti hauota kōhauhau arahina ki te mea hohoro ai e kitea he ara ohie me pai o whakatika te huānga.

Ka taea te whiwhi hauota Active mā te haere hau pēhanga iti i roto i tiketike-ngaohiko rere hiko. Ko te hua, ko te amipere, me te nui atu ngā tauhohe atu rāpoi, hauwai ngota, he whanariki, phosphorous me ngā konganuku, a hoki he ahei o decomposing KORE ki N ₂ me O _2.

He māramatanga mārama o te mea he hauota, e taea te whiwhi tika ki tona hanganga hiko e kua te puka 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p. E rima anga irahiko waho paku hipoki te tiaki, hua i roto i te tiaki karihi whai hua ite i roto i te rohe o te pūtoro kotuari. He āhua iti ngota hauota, me te whai i te electronegativity nui, kei waenganui i te waro me te hāora. E whirihoranga ngā toru waho hawhe-orbitals, taea ki te hanga i toru here kotuari. Na reira, me whai i te ngota hauota tauhohenga tino nui, hanga ki te nuinga o ētahi atu āhuatanga pūmau pūhui ā-rua, tautautefito ki he taimi ko nui atu huānga rerekē electronegativity, rite tahi ki hononga wehenga tawhiti nui. A, no te electronegativity tetahi huānga wehenga tawhiti raro piri ki te ngota hauota o te tiaki kino kanohi, e wewete i ona irahiko tirikore ki te whai wāhi i roto i here ruruku. A, no te nui tauwhāiti tetahi huānga atu electronegative hauota tiaki pai kanohi āhuatanga kaituku o te rāpoi ngota. I wehenga iti tika no o te electronegativity rite tetahi huānga, kōrero maha taea i runga i kotahi. Ki te ārai te ōrite te rahi ngota te hanganga o here maha e hanga he pea ki te kia āhua ngoikore te here kotahi, a ka he iu te hononga.

matū tātari

E mea pinepine te ōrau o te hauota i te ranunga hau e taea te whakaritea mā te ine i tona rōrahi muri absorption o te tahi atu wāhanga o te tauhohenga matū. Ko te whāwehe o te waikawa pungatara i te aroaro o te mēkuri pākawa tuku hauota waikura, e taea ana te ruri rite te hau. fakatau'atāina'i hauota te i ngā pūhui matū waro, ina e tahuna ratou i runga i te waikura parahi, a kia whanganga ai te hauota noa rite te hau i muri i te absorption o ētahi atu hua parariraa. He tikanga Kjeldahl pai-mohiotia hoki te faaotiraa o matū whakaaro konei i roto i ngā pūhui matū waro ngā i roto i decomposing te pūhui ki te waikawa pungatara kukū (kōwhiri kei roto mēkuri ranei tona waikura, me ngā tai). Ko te kupu e tahuri hauota ki te haukini pākawa ngāwhā. Tāpiri konutai putanga waihā haukini, kohia nei e te waikawa tikanga; te nui wäriu o te waikawa unreacted te ka whakaritea e te inenga ero.

auraa ōmataora me whaiaroaro

Ko te tūranga o te hauota i roto i te mea ora fakapapau'i tona mahi whaiaroaro o ngā pūhui matū waro. e kore e taea e te nuinga o kaiao ora whakamahi i tēnei huānga matū ano kia whai wāhi ki ona pūhui. Na reira, he faufaa te warea hauota. I roto i te natura, puta tenei rite ki te hua o ngā tukanga taketake rua. Ko tētahi Ko te pānga o te pūngao hiko ki te huru, na taua hauota, me te hāora rāpoi ngota dissociate, tuku ngota noa ki te hanga i KORE ko NO _2. ka tauhohe hāorarua ki te wai: 3NO ₂ + H ₂ E → 2HNO ₃ + KORE.

HNO ₃ rewa te ka tae mai ki a Papatūānuku i te ua i roto i te puka o te waipiro ngoikore. I te pae hopea riro waikawa wahi o te hauota oneone ngā whāpāharehia nei ki te hanga i nitrites me pūhau. Ko te ihirangi o N i roto i te oneone ngakia te nuinga o ora ake i roto i te kikiritanga kei roto pūhau me haukinia tai. Spin kararehe me ngā otaota, me hoki to ratou whāwehe he pūhui hauota ki te oneone, me te rangi.

Ko tētahi atu tukanga whakatika māori nui he mahi faufaa o rēkiumu. Nā ki te symbiosis ki te huakita, e nehenehe o te tahuri tika hauota kōhauhau ki ona pūhui enei ahurea. Ētahi microorganisms, pērā i Azotobacter Chroococcum ko Clostridium pasteurianum, taea ki te whakatika i to ratou ake N. e

te hau ano, he mangere, te kinokore, te kahore ka manawa ratou i raro i te pēhanga, a kua memeha te reira i roto i te toto me te tahi atu fluids tinana i nohanga teitei. ai tenei te pānga tarukino, a ki te hohoro rawa heke te pēhanga te, tukua hauota i te taikaha te rite mirumiru hau i wāhi rerekē o te tinana. Tenei e taea e meinga mamae i roto i uaua me hononga, kaihapai, pāpāngia kanohi, me te ara te mate. E huaina ēnei tohumate decompression mate. Na reira, me kia hunga e takoha ana ki te manawa rangi i roto i taua mau huru rawa puhoi ki te whakaiti i te pēhanga ki te noa ki te hauota i te taikaha i roto i roto i te pūkahukahu, kahore te hanganga o mirumiru. He rerekē pai ko ki te whakamahi i te ranunga breathable o te hāora, me te haumāmā. Ko nui iti wairewa i roto i fluids tinana haumāmā, a ka heke te mōrea.

kanoirite

vai Nitrogen rite rua kanoirite pūmau ¹⁴ N (99,63%) me ¹⁵ N (0,37%). Ka taea te wehea ratou e utu matū e waiariki te tūringiringi ranei. hauota papatipu i roto i te puka o te kanoirite iraruke horihori kei roto i te awhe 10-13 me 16-24. Ko te tino pūmau hawhe-ora o te 10 meneti. hanga transmutation karihi āwenewene piri tuatahi i roto i 1919 e te ahupūngao Ingarangi Ernest Rutherford, i bombarding hauota-14 Arepa-matūriki whiwhi karihi-17 hāora me te iraoho.

āhuatanga

I te pae hopea whakarārangi nga āhuatanga taketake o te hauota:

• tau ngota: 7.
• taimaha Atomic o hauota: 14,0067.
• ira whakakoero: -209,86 ° C.
• wāhi e koropupu ana: -195,8 ° C.
• Kiato (1 atm, 0 ° C): 1,2506 karamu o te hauota ia rita.
• āhua pitihāoratanga tikanga o -3, +3, +5.
• whirihoranga irahiko: 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p.