He aha te mea he huaketo? He aha ngā reira o?

Ko te māngai o te rangatiratanga o te wheori - he rōpū motuhake o puka ora. E ratou kore noa te hanganga tino motuhake, engari ano hoki āhuatanga e te pākia motuhake. I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka titiro matou puka ora ACELLULAR - he huaketo. He aha te mea te reira rite whakanuia, me te aha ngā mahi whakaari reira i roto i te natura, e ako koe na roto i te tai'oraa i te reira.

Ko te kitea o ngā puka ora kore-pūtau

pūtaiao Russian Dmitry Ivanovsky i 1892 ako te tukumate o mate tupeka - tupeka mosaic. kitea ia e kore ko te kaihoko pathogenic he huakita, a ka he te ahua motuhake, muri ingoa te huaketo. I roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 19 i roto i te koiora kihai i whakamahia whārahi ki taumira teitei, na kihai i taea e te kaipūtaiao mohio o tetahi muingota ko te huaketo, me te ki te kite me te whakaahua i te reira. I muri te hanga te karu whārahi irahiko i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, ka kite te ao i te māngai tuatahi o te kingitanga hou, kia te take o maha mate kino, me te tātau tangata, me ētahi atu kaiao ora: kararehe, otaota, huakita.

Ko te tūranga o ngā puka kore-pūtau i roto i te taxonomy o kararehe

Ka rite ki whakahuatia mua, e ngā enei rauropi ki te rima te rangatiratanga o te natura - huaketo. āhuatanga te morphological matua huru o wheori - kahore hanganga pūtau. Tae noa nei, e kore e te ao pūtaiao mutu te tautohe i runga i ranei puka kore-pūtau o kaiao ora i roto i te tikanga ki tonu o te wā. I muri i te katoa, nga faaiteraa katoa o pūkoro ka taea ratou i muri noa kătahi ki te pūtau ora. Whakatika ki tenei wāhi te wheori tikanga rite ngā o te natura popohe: e kore ratou e whai tauhohe pūkoro, ratou e kore e uri. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, te pūtaiao, te huinga katoa o ngā pātai: He aha te mea he huaketo, he aha kei roto i tona anga, kei nei i roto i te matūriki huaketo? i riro urupare rite ki te hua o nga tau o te rangahau me ngā, i mahi rite te pūtake mo te ako pūtaiao hou. puta te reira i te pūtahitanga o te koiora me te rongoā, me te karanga a Virology.

hanganga āhuatanga

Ko e kupu'i lea "ko ohie poto katoa" tika āwangawanga te puka ora kore-pūtau. Te huaketo ngā rāpoi waikawa karihi - DNA RNA ranei, pūmua pani membrane. e kore e whai ia ona ake pūnaha synthesizing pūngao me te pūmua. Te kore te pūtau ope ki te huaketo e kore e whai tetahi tohu o te taonga ora: e kore manawa, kahore tupu, kahore irritability uri ranei. Ki tenei katoa i reira i, reira anake e kotahi te mea ki te kitea he pārurenga - he pūtau ora, ki te tara ia pākia o tona waikawa karihi, me te pae hopea whakangaro. Ka rite ki whakahuatia i mua, tito te kōpaki pūmua huaketo te o ngā rāpoi ngota he hanganga whakahau (wheori ohie).

Ki te hoki ngā te hanganga o te anga subunits lipoprotein, e he mau wāhanga o te membrane cytoplasmic o te pūtau ope, kua karangatia e taua huaketo pūhui (māngai o koroputaputa, me te mate ate kakā B). E mea pinepine i roto i te membrane mata o te huaketo tomo me glycoproteins. mahi ratou i te mahi kē. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te anga, me te huaketo ano ngā o ngā rāpoi ngota o te wāhanga waro - pūmua me waikawa karihi (DNA RNA ranei).

Kia pehea te tomo Viruses ki ngā pūtau ora

I mua ka titiro matou ki te hanganga o te anga o te werau intracellular āhuatanga. Kei te huaketo o rāpoi waro me āpiha koiora, me kei tona hanganga mata pūmua motuhake, plasmalemma mohio ki te pūtau ora. Na reira, pā puka kore-pūtau motuhake momo o ngā pūtau o etahi momo o kaiao. Hei tauira, e kore e wheori distemper rei mōrearea ki te hauora tangata. Roto te werau tomo te pūtau i roto i te maha o ngā huarahi:

1. Ko te hanumi, o tona vehi ki te membrane pūtau (rewharewha huaketo).
2. Na roto i te pinocytosis (māngai fakatupu o kararehe poliomyelitis).
3. I muri i te kino taiepa pūtau (whakato huaketo).

te whakarea o wheori

Kia patua werau te whare herehere, tona rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi, wedging i roto i te genome karihi, tuku mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga o te matūriki pūmua me te keu biosynthesis ake pūmua. whakamahi te reira i rāpoi ribosome o pūtau ope ATP, tRNA. I roto i te whakarara, he whakahuahua o ngā mōhiohio tuku te pūtau pangia. A haamana'o na e o te pūmua, me te waikawa karihi huaketo ngā huaina ohie. Ratou matūriki Kei RNA, e fetu'utaki tonu ki subunits ribosomal o ngā pūtau ope, me te Kereru te biosynthesis o ngā rāpoi ngota o te pūmua huaketo.

Ko te hua o te whawhai o te tukumate i runga i te pūtau riro pūhui o te DNA RNA ranei matūriki viral ki ratou ake pūmua. Ko te kupu, ko te huaketo hou i hanga ngā rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi, matūriki pani whakahau proteids. Ko te kiriuhi o te pūtau ope e ngaro, mate te pūtau, engari puta ia i wheori whakapoke pūtau hauora o te tinana.

whakahuahua āhuatanga whakamuri

I te timatanga o te ako o te māngai o te rangatiratanga o te whakaaro nui e kua tito wheori o ngā pūtau, engari ngā whakakitea D. Ivanovsky e kore e taea te kitea i te tukumate ki te awhina o whiriwhiringa microbiological: kua haere te tukumate roto i ratou kōputaputa, a puta i roto i te kīa, i noho āhuatanga huri.

Kua atu rangahau whakapumautia e te meka i tito te huaketo e o ngā rāpoi ngota o te mea waro me te whakaatu tohu o taonga ora i muri noa tona kătahi tika ki te pūtau. I roto i te reira, haamata ia ki tini. whakanuia te nuinga wheori RNA rite whakaahuatia ana i runga, engari etahi o ratou, pērā i te huaketo AIDS, take DNA te kōtuitanga i roto i te karihi o te pūtau ope. huaina ana tēnei āhuatanga te tukuruatanga whakamuri. Next, i roto i te rāpoi ngota pītauira synthesized te me te RNA-huaketo, engari kua reira ki te timata whakaminenga o subunits pūmua viral, hanga tona kōpaki.

āhuatanga bacteriophages

He aha te mea he bacteriophage - he pūtau he huaketo ranei? He aha te mea i roto i tenei puka kore-pūtau o te ora? Pahonoraa ki enei pātai e whai ake nei: ko reira he huaketo e pāngia e kaiao prokaryotic anake - huakita. Ko te hanganga o tona kaua i rawe ki. tito te huaketo te o ngā rāpoi ngota o te taonga waro me te wehea e toru nga wahi: ko te upoko, te tokotoko (Case) me te autō miro. I roto i te wahi mua - upoko - ko te rāpoi ngota pītauira. Ko te take e whai ake nei he reira te take tuwhera. miro Caudal apiti, whakarato he hononga ki te receptor huaketo te huanui wē membrane huakita. Ko te parau tumu o te mahi rite te pūwero bacteriophage. I muri i whakaiti hipokina te pūmua DNA muingota te ui ia te tokotoko tuwhera, me te ka patia ki te cytoplasm o te pūtau ūnga. Na ka synthesize te huakita huaketo te DNA viral me pūmua, e te taniwha, ka arahi ki tona matenga.

Ka rite ki tiaki te rauropi ano ki mate viral

kua hanga Nature he taputapu motuhake haumaru, ātete mate viral o tipu, kararehe, me te tangata. Tukumate mohio a ratou o ratou pūtau rite antigens. I roto i te whakautu ki te aroaro o huaketo i roto i te tinana hua immunoglobulins - paturopi tiaki. Whēkau o te pūnaha ārai mate - te thymus, taikiri - ki te urupare ki te whakaekenga viral ka whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te pūmua tiaki - interferon. Enei matū tautāwhi i te tupu o matūriki huaketo me tautāwhi i to ratou tini. Rua momo o tauhohe tiaki kōrero i runga ake ana ki te wātea i te mate humoral. Ko tētahi atu puka o te tiaki - pūtau. pūtau toto White, macrophages, neutrophils mimiti nga matūriki huaketo me piri ratou.

Te tikanga wheori

Ko reira kahore he mea ngaro e ko te reira te nuinga kino. Enei matūriki ultra-pathogenic (15 ki te 450 nm), kitea anake i roto i te karu whārahi irahiko ai te hainga o mate mōrearea, me te tātau, kahore kaiao okotahi ngā i roto i te ao. Ko te kupu, i roto i te wheori tangata pā whekau faufaa me ngā pūnaha, pērā i io (rabies, encephalitis, te whakamemeke) ārai mate (AIDS), kūnatu (kakā), romahā (rewharewha, adenoinfektsii). Animals whiwhi mokomoko mate, whiu, me tipu - he momo o te necrosis, purepure, mosaic.

E kore kua te kanorau o te māngai o te kingitanga i ako ra ano te mutunga. Ko te tohu Ko te meka e tae noa ite i teie nei momo hou o huaketo me te tātari i te mate e kore e tūpono i mua. Hei tauira, i roto i te rau tau waenganui-20 i roto i Africa i kitea ai Zika huaketo. Kei roto i te tinana o te waeroa e kua huaketo ka ngau ratou tangata, me te tahi atu whāngote. Tohu o te mate tohu e pānga te kaihoko matua nga wahi o te pūnaha io pokapū me take o microcephaly fā'ele'i. Iwi nei e kawe o tenei huaketo, kia mahara e tū ratou he mōrearea pea ki o ratou hoa, rite i roto i te mahi hauora korerotia take o te tuku fakasekisualé o mate.

E te tūranga pai o te huaketo ngā ratou whakamahi i roto i te whawhai ki nga momo riha i roto i te engineering ira.

I roto i tenei mahi, i korerotia e matou e te huaketo taua i te mea te reira te matūriki, me pehea te tiaki i kaiao ratou ki tukumate. Kua tāutuhia hoki e matou te tūranga takaro e puka kore-pūtau o te ora i roto i te natura.