Huakita Nitrifying. Te tikanga o huakita nitrifying

Na roto i te momo o te kai e wehea mohiotia kaiao ora katoa ki e rua ngā momo matua: tāne me autotrophs. He āhuatanga motuhake o te muri, ko te to ratou kaha ki te whaiaro hanga-o ngā āhuatanga hou o te hauhā me te tahi atu matū pararopi.

puna pūngao e tautoko ratou mahi faufaa, meinga ratou wehenga ki fotoaftotrofy (puna - te marama) me chemoautotrophs (pūtake - matū kohuke). A i runga i te ingoa o te tïpako, oxidized nei te hemoavtortofy rānei, kua wehea ratou ki hauwai me te nitrifying huakita, me te whanariki, me te rino huakita.

Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga i runga i te noa tino i roto ia ratou he rōpū - huakita nitrofitsiruyuschim.

History o whakahura

Hoki i roto i te pokapū o te rautau 19 i pūtaiao Tiamana whakamatauria reira e te tukanga kapo hauota koiora. Empirically kua whakakitea reira e, no te tapiritia ki te chloroform wai parakaingaki mutu haukini piti hāora. Ko ki te whakamārama he aha te mea na tenei, e kore i taea e ratou.

I meatia tenei he tau torutoru i muri kaiputaiao Russian Vinogradskaya. motuhia ia i roto i rua ngā rōpū o huakita, e āta tangohia e wahi i roto i te tukanga o te kapo hauota. Ko te kupu, kotahi rōpū oxidizing haukini ki te whakarato Sinks waikawa, a anake te rōpū tuarua o huakita te kawenga mō tona huringa ki hauota. Katoa whai wāhi i roto i tenei tukanga, he karamu-kino huakita nitrifying.

Āhuatanga o te tukanga piti hāora

He maha ngā wāhanga, i roto i nei e hanga e te pūhui hauota ki rerekē nekehanga o te rōpū piti hāora NH te tukanga o te hanganga o te nitrite i haukinia piti hāora.

Ko te hua tuatahi ko te pitihāoratanga haukinia o hydroxylamine. Te nuinga pea kei te hangaia reira e tika ana ki te whakaurunga o te hāora rāpoi i roto i te rōpū NH _4, ahakoa kore te ngā kōrero kï tenei tukanga, me te tonu tautohetohe.

Next, kua tahuri te hydroxylamine ki nitrite. Hai kawea te tukanga i roto i mā hanganga NOH (giponitrita) ki te tuku o te waikura Sinks. I roto i tenei take, pūtaiao whakapono te hanga o te waikura Sinks te byproduct noa o te kōtuitui, no te mea o te ora o te nitrite.

I tua atu i nga hua o nga mea timatanga matū, tukua te nui nui o te pūngao kei roto i denitrofikatsii. Waihoki ki te mea kei te tupu i roto i ngā kaiao takohe heterotrophic, i roto i tenei take e pā ana te ariā o ATP te ki te tukanga pitihāoratanga-tangohāoratanga, rite ki te hua o nei e whakawhiti te irahiko ki te hāora.

I roto i te piti hāora o nitrite, takaro he wāhi nui e te waka whakamuri o irahiko. puta tōna whakaurua i roto i te ara iahiko o ngā irahiko tika i roto i te cytochromes (P-momo A-momo me / ranei), a ka titau tenei he utu pūngao tika nui. Ka rite ki te hua, kei te tino noaa huakita nitrifying chemoautotrophic te supply tika o te pūngao, te whakamahia nei mo te tukanga o te hanga me te whakawhenumi o te hauhā.

Ngā momo o huakita nitrifying

I roto i te wāhanga tuatahi o te kapo hauota tango wha hoki nga tu nitrobaktery wahi:

• nitrosomonas;
• nitrotsistis;
• nitrosolyubus;
• nitrosospira.

E te ara, ka taea e kite koe i te huakita nitrifying (whakaahua i raro i te karu) i runga i te ahua e whakaarohia ana.

Na roto i te tamataraa i roto ia ratou he mea uaua, a maha noa taea ki te wehea i roto i tetahi o nga hua, na te nuinga oti ratou te arotake. E te rahi o 2-2.5 microns, me āhua pai porotītaha ranei a tawhio (anake nitrospiry e whai i te puka o rakau) katoa o enei moroiti. E nehenehe o te wehenga me te aronga ā-rua ratou e tika ana ki te flagella.

I roto i te wāhanga tuarua o te kapo hauota tango wahi:

• iwi nitrobakter;
• nitrospina iwi;
• nitrokokus.

Ko te riaka tino ako o huakita o te nitrbakter puninga he te ingoa i roto i te kororia o tona Kaikitetuatahi Vinogradski. Enei huakita nitrifying whai he pūtau pea-āhua uri e hua ki te hanga i te pūkoro (e tika pihi) pūtau tamahine.

Ko te hanganga o te huakita

whakawakia Nitrifitsiruyushie huakita i te hanganga pūtau rite ki ētahi atu kaiao karamu-kino. Kua pai whakawhanakehia-etahi o ratou pūnaha membrane ā-, te tāpae hanga he pokapū o te pūtau, te mea i roto i ētahi atu e whakaritea e ratou i runga i te taha o te hanganga ranei ki te hanga i te kapu tënei o te maha paparanga. Te āhua, ko reira enei hinonga e whai wāhi whākōkī e pā ana i roto i te piti hāora o nitrifiers substrates motuhake.

Momo o te kai huakita nitrifying

Nitrobakterii he autotrophs faahepo nei no te mea e kore e taea e ki te whakamahi i exogenous matū organic. Heoi, i te whakamātau ahakoa faaite te kaha o etahi taumahatanga o huakita nitrifying whakamahi etahi ngā pūhui matū waro.

I kitea te reira e te tïpako kei roto autolysates rewena, serine me te glutamate i roto i nohanga iti, pānga ara whakaongaonga te nitrobaktery tupu. puta tenei e rua i roto i te aroaro o te nitrite, a i roto i te ngaro ona i roto i te reo, ahakoa he nui pōturi te tukanga. Engari, kua tāmia te aroaro o nitrite tukanga tāpia piti hāora, engari tona whakaurua o waro i roto i te pūmua, ngā waikawa amino me ētahi atu wāhanga pūtau whakanuia ana tino.

Ka rite ki te hua o ngā maha, i whiwhi raraunga e taea tonu huakita nitrifying whakawhiti ki heterotrophic kai tōtika, engari pehea hua me pehea te roa o ratou e nehenehe e tīariari i roto i taua tikanga, tonu ki te kia kitea. Ahakoa e fepakipaki ki te whakatau whakamutunga i runga i tenei take i te raraunga.

Wāhi noho, me te uara o huakita nitrifying

huakita Nitrifying He chemoautotrophs me he whānui i roto i te natura. E kitea ratou wahi katoa: i roto i te oneone, rerekē substrates, me te roto. Tukatuka ratou ora nui whai wāhi ki te whānui huringa hauota i roto i te natura , a i roto i te meka kia tae hanganga nui.

Hei tauira, he moroiti pērā i nitrotsistis Oceanus, taratahi i te Atlantic Ocean, e pā ana ki te faahepo nei halophiles. Ka taea e anake te tīariari te reira i roto i te vairaa pape substrates e roto i te reira ranei. Hoki taua microorganisms he nohonga kore anake nui, engari taua taimau rite pH me te pāmahana.

Katoa huakita nitrifying mohiotia ko te aerobes here. I roto i te tikanga ki te oxidize haukini ki te waikawa Sinks, me te waikawa Sinks ki hauota, e hiahia ana ratou hāora.

tikanga ora

Ko tētahi atu wāhi nui, i whakakitea nga kaipūtaiao i e kore e mea organic roto i te wahi i reira ratou e ora huakita nitrifying. whakanekehanga ariā i e enei microorganisms taea kore i roto i te parau tumu ki te whakamahi i matū i waho. ka karanga noa ratou autotrophs faahepo nei.

I muri, kua mana whakarihariha te kūhuka i kï toutou, Urea, peptone, nonireka me ētahi atu mea organic i roto i te huakita nitrifying, engari e kore e mutu te whakamātau.

Te tikanga o huakita nitrifying ki te oneone

Tae noa tata i whakapono ai e nitrifying pānga painga i runga i te hua oneone mā te whakanui ake i tona wāhinga ki haukini pākawa. E te whakamutunga e kore te pai anake whenumi e tipu, engari i roto i, me te o ratou ake i te memehatanga o te tahi mau kohuke.

Heoi, kua tipu whakaaro pūtaiao i roto i nga tau tata nei. Whakakitea te pānga kino o te microorganisms whakaahuatia i roto i te hua oneone. Nitrifying huakita ki te hanga i pākawa, te taiao waikawa, e kore te mea tonu nei i te mea pai, me te he tohu nui o te waiwai o whakapataritari te oneone haukini katote atu pūhau. Ano, kei te heke pūhau ki te kaha N ₂ (i raro i denitrifakatsii), i roto i te tahuri arata'i ki te kēkeno o te oneone ki te hauota.

He aha te mea te ati o nitrifying huakita?

Ētahi taumahatanga nitrobaktery i te aroaro o te tïpako organic taea oxidize haukinia, hanga hydroxylamine, a muri nitrites me pūhau. Hoki rite ki te hua o taua tauhohe kia puta te waikawa hydroxamic. Ano, ko te maha o ngā huakita i roto i te tukanga o te kapo hauota o pūhui rerekē, e ngā hauota (oximes, amines, amides, hydroxamates, me ētahi atu pūhui nitro).

Ko te tauine o te kapo hauota heterotrophic i raro i etahi tikanga, ka taea e kia nui e kore anake, engari ano hoki rawa kino. takoto te ati i roto i te meka e i roto i taua tauiraa puta te hanganga o matū paitini, mutagens me carcinogens. Na reira, kua oti pūtaiao mahi tata i runga i te ako o te kaupapa.

tātari koiora, i te mea tonu i te ringa

e kore te mea he ariā waitara, engari he ahua tino noa o te ora - Nitrifying huakita. Ano, kei te maha whakamahia ratou i te tangata.

Hei tauira, i roto i te tātari koiora mō kākahi ngā enei huakita. Ko tenei momo o te maimoatanga iti te utu, me te kore he rite mahi kaha rite te maimoatanga aunoa, engari i te wa ano titau tautukunga ki etahi tikanga ki te whakarite i te tipu me te mahi o huakita nitrifying.

Ko te microclimate tino pai mo ratou ko te pāmahana taiao (i roto i tenei wai take) e pā ana ki 25-26 degrees, he rere tamau o te hāora, me te aroaro o tipu moana.

huakita Nitrifying i roto i te ahuwhenua

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakapiki ake i tukua, te whakamahi i kaimahi maniua rerekē kei roto huakita nitrifying.

kai tōtika oneone i roto i tenei take whakaratohia nitrobakteriyami me Azotobacter. E nekehia atu ēnei huakita i te matū oneone, me te wai e tika ana i hanga i roto i te tukanga piti hāora moni kaua nui o te pūngao. Tenei pera-ka karanga tukanga chemosynthesis ina haere te mana riro ki te hanganga o rāpoi organic matatini i te hauhā me te wai waro.

e kore e tika enei microorganisms te supply o ngā matūkai i to ratou taiao - ratou e taea te whakaputa i to ratou ake. Na, ki te otaota matomato, e he autotrophic hoki, Me te rā, e kore e ka huakita kapo hauota ko reira e tika ana.

oneone whaiaro horoi-

Oneone - he tïpako tino mo te tipu, me te tārua o ngā tipu e kore anake, engari ano hoki maha kaiao ora. Na reira ko te reira tino nui ki tona āhua noa, me te hanganga whārite.

Kia mahara te reira e whakarato te purenga koiora oneone tae atu huakita nitrifying. Ko ratou i roto i te oneone, te pararopi Faarii ranei, tahuri haukini e te huna hoki i ētahi atu microorganisms me ururua rauemi organic, pūhau (ki te kia atu pau, te tote waikawa hauota). Kei te tukanga katoa o rua ngā wāhanga:

1. Hāora o te haukini ki nitrite.
2. Ko te hāora o te nitrite ki pākawa.

Ko te kupu whakaratohia ia taahiraa e etahi momo o microorganisms.

Ko te porohita nanakia pera-ka karanga

Taiawhio o pūngao me te tiaki o te ora i runga i te whenua, ko te whakawhetai taea ki te haapa'oraa o etahi ture o te oraraa o nga mea ora katoa. I mawhiti tuatahi ko reira uaua ki te matau te mea kei i tĭtĭ, engari ko reira mau tino māmā.

Kia whakaaro o te pikitia e whai ake nei o te pukapuka kura:

1. E tukatuka rauemi pararopi e microorganisms me te kupu te hanga tikanga pai i roto i te oneone mō te tipu me te kai tōtika.
2. Ratou, i roto i te tahuri, ko te puna mahuinga ia o te pūngao mō te nuinga o herbivores.
3. Ko te mekameka e whai ake nei o te tiaki ora ko te pūngao konihi e he, aua, o ratou ritenga wätea.
4. Iwi nei e mohiotia ana ki te no ki te kaitukituki runga, me tenei tikanga e taea te tiki tatou pūngao i rua i te ao te tipu me te kararehe.
5. A i roto i to tatou iho aravihi ki ora toenga, me te hunga nuinga tipu me te kararehe, te mahi rite te tïpako matūkai mō microorganisms.

Ko te kupu, he porohita nanakia, a ka whakarato he ora tonu whakahaere o nga mea katoa e noho ana i runga i te whenua. e kore he uaua E matau teie mau parau tumu ki te whakaaro pēhea te matamaha, me te mana mau ta'efakangatangata o āhua me mea ora katoa.

mutunga

I roto i tenei tuhinga i tamata matou ki te whakahoki kupu i te pātai, he aha te mea te huakita nitrifying i roto i te koiora. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, ahakoa te taunakitanga rahi o te ora, mahi, me te pānga o ēnei microorganisms, i reira e maha ngā take i tautohetia e rapua e rangahau atu whakamātau.

no huakita Nitrifying ki chemotroph. Ko te puna o te pūngao mo ratou ki te mahi i te whānuitanga o ngā kohuke. Ahakoa tona rahi iti, enei rauropi i te pānga nui i runga i te ao huri noa ratou.

Ka rite ki mohiotia te, e kore e taea e chemotroph metabolize ngā pūhui matū waro e te hunga i roto i te tïpako (oneone wai ranei). Ratou, i runga i te anga ke, hua hanga rauemi mo te hanganga o te ora me ngā pūtau mahi.