Irakētanga noa: whakarōpū, take, tauira

He aha i huaina ko irakētanga noa? Ki te te wā whakawhiti i roto i te reo e wātea ana, ko reira hapa māori puta i roto i te pāhekoheko o te rauemi ira i te taiao ā-waho, me te / ranei. Ko te nuinga o kōpeka peheé irakētanga. E kitea ratou i roto i te sex, a i roto i te tahi atu pūtau o te tinana.

Exogenous ai irakētanga

Ka taea e irakētanga noa puta i raro i te mana o ngā matū, radiation, i raro i te mahi o te pāmahana teitei iti ranei, te rangi kikokore pēhanga teitei ranei.

Ia tau, pau e pā ana ki tetahi-tekau pai ki ionizing radiation i te tikanga te radiation papamuri tūturu te tangata toharite. Tenei tau ngā kama radiation i matua te whenua, hau solar, āhuatanga iraruke, e takoto ana i roto i te matotoru o te kirinuku, me te rewa i roto i te huru. Tei hoki te horopeta hua i runga te wahi ko reira te iwi. He hauwhā o te irakētanga noa katoa tupu ko te he i o tenei take.

Hihi katinga radiation, anga ke ki te whakaaro rongonui, whai wāhi iti i roto i hei he DNA, rite kore e taea te tomo i te reira hohonu nui ki te tinana tangata. Otiia maha mamae te kiri i insolation nui (tonapuku me ētahi atu mate pukupuku). Heoi, kaiao pūtau-tahi me wheori mutate ka kitea ki te rā.

Rawa e taea te pāmahana teitei ranei iti rawa meinga huringa i roto i te rauemi ira.

Endogenous ai irakētanga

Ko te take matua e tika ana ki e taea te irakētanga noa puta, he āhuatanga endogenous. Ēnei ngā taha-hua o pākia, hapa i roto i tukuruatanga, hanga me te tauhono, me ētahi atu.

1. Rahunga i roto i te tukuruatanga:
   - whakawhitinga noa me fehangahangai turanga nitrogenous;
   - whakaurunga hē o nucleotides o polymerases DNA hapa;
   - whakauru matū o nucleotides, pērā i guanine-cytosine ki adenine-guanine.
2. hapa anō:
   - ngā irakētanga i roto i te ira te kawenga mō te hanga o ngā wāhanga takitahi o te whenu DNA i muri i to ratou break raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga o waho.
3. Raruraru ki te tauhono:
   - rahunga tukanga crossover i roto i pūira me te whāū hua i roto i ngā rerenga, me te whakawhānui i te turanga.

Ko nga āhuatanga matua meinga irakētanga noa enei. Ko te take o te kore e taea e ki te whakahohe ira mutator rite te pai kia rite ki te faafariuraa o te pūhui matū haumaru ki metabolites kaha atu e pā te karihi pūtau. I tua atu, i reira e ano āhuatanga hanganga. Ēnei ngā raupapa nucleotide auau tata te ara iahiko whakarerekētanga pae, te aroaro o rohe DNA atu e te hunga rite i roto i te hanganga ki te genome, me te āhuatanga turanga o te huinga ira.

irakētanga pathogenesis

puta irakētanga noa rite ki te hua o te pānga o enei āhuatanga katoa e pā, tahi motuhake ranei i roto i te tetahi wā o te ora o te pūtau. He he he āhuatanga pēnei i neke i te kahui takahi āpiti me ngā whenu DNA whaea. Ka rite ki te hua, maha i hanga i koropiko peptide, e kore e taea e ki te whakauru āta ki te raupapa i. I muri i te tango i wahi faufaa o te DNA mekameka koropiko āpiti taea e rua resected (mukunga) me ngātahi (duplications, kōkuhutanga). E whakaritea huringa paopao i roto i te huringa e whai ake nei o te wehewehenga pūtau.

Te tere me te maha o ngā irakētanga e ti'aturi i runga i te hanganga tuatahi o te DNA. Tahi mau aivanaa whakapono e ko te reira tino i te raupapa DNA katoa o mutagenic ki te hanga i ratou whakaiti.

Ko te irakētanga noa tino noa

He aha te tino maha whakakitea i roto i te rauemi ira o irakētanga noa? Tauira o taua tikanga - he mate o turanga nitrogenous, me te muku waikawa amino. Ngā tairongo ki a ratou e whakaaro ki ngā toenga cytosine.

Kei te whakamatauria te reira e teie mahana hau atu i te hawhe o vertebrates he irakētanga o ngā toenga cytosine. I muri i deamination methylcytosine te ke ki thymine. A pee i-ake o tenei wāhanga tuarua ana he hapa ranei muku reira rearua me mutates ki te kongakonga hou ranei.

whakaaro tētahi atu take o irakētanga noa auau te he maha nui o pseudogenes. No te mea o tenei, i roto i te tukanga o te whāiti pūira e taea te hanga e te tauhono huirua taurite. Nā tēnei, i roto i te whakatikatika i roto i te ira o hohoko takitahi me ngā raupapa tuaruatia ai nucleotide.

tauira polymerase mutagenesis

E ai ki tenei tauira, ngā irakētanga noa ko te hua o tupurangi hapa rāpoi ngota, synthesizing DNA. Hoki te wā tuatahi kua tenei tauira kua aroaro e Bresler. te whakaaro ia e irakētanga puta tika ana ki te meka i roto i ētahi wā, kua whakaurua te polymerase ki te raupapa o nucleotides nekomplimentarnye.

Tau i muri mai, i muri i whakamātautau roa me ngā, tenei tirohanga kua whakaaetia, ka whakaaetia i roto i te ao pūtaiao. He i ara nekehia etahi ture e tukua pūtaiao ki te whakahaere me te irakētanga tika i te rongo ki te katikati wāhanga DNA motuhake. Na, mo te tauira, i kitea e i mua o te triplet papaka maha hanga adenine.

tauira mutagenesis Tautomeric

Ko tētahi atu ariā whakamārama irakētanga noa, me te horihori i whakaarohia e Watson me Crick (discoverers o te hanganga DNA). fokotu'u mai ratou e te mutagenesis i runga i te kaha o etahi turanga DNA tahuri ki te puka tautomeric, te huri i te turanga tikanga hononga.

I muri i te whakaputanga o te whakapae kua kaha whakawhanakehia. kitea ngā hou o nucleotides i muri i irradiation ki te marama katinga. hoatu tenei pūtaiao taea rangahau hou. Ko tonu e kōrero ana te tūranga o te puka tautomeric i roto i mutagenesis māhorahora me ona pānga i runga i te maha o irakētanga kitea pūtaiao Modern.

atu tauira

Ka taea e irakētanga noa kia roto i te ofatiraa o te āhukahuka o DNA polymerase waikawa karihi. i fakamahino'i Poltaevym et al tikanga e whakaū parau tumu kïnakitanga i te kōtuitui o ngā rāpoi ngota DNA āpiti. tukua tenei tauira tatou ki ako i te tauira o ngā takanga o mutagenesis māhorahora. faataa te kairangahau ratou kitea e te take matua mō te huri i te hanganga o te DNA kōtuitanga ko te kore-kēnana takirua turanga.

fokotu'u mai ratou e te take puta te kua puta tika ki deamination o DNA. arata'i tenei ki te huringa o te cytosine ki thymine uracil ranei. No te mea o enei irakētanga e hanga e he rua o nucleotides hotokore. Na reira, i roto i te tukuruatanga muri puta whakawhitinga (nucleobases whakakapinga ira).

Whakarōpū o irakētanga: māhorahora

He whakarōpū rerekē o irakētanga rānei i runga i te aha te huru o te paearu e takoto i to ratou matua. He he he wehenga o te huru tauiraa te ira mahi:

- hypomorphic (mutated ngā irarā synthesize iti pūmua, engari e rite ki te taketake ratou);
- (tino ngaro ira tona mahi) amorphous;
- antimorfnye (ira mutated whakamuri te tohu o nei te);
- neomorfnye (i reira he āhuatanga hou).

Ko te whakarōpū atu noa e tuwhaina e irakētanga katoa i roto i te rahi ki te hanganga tāupe. he nunui:

1. irakētanga Genomic. Ko ētahi o ēnei polyploidy, arā, te hanganga o te huinga ira ki ngā te takitoru, me te huinga o ngā pūira, me aneuploidy - te maha o ngā pūira i roto i te genome kore ko te maha o te haploid.
2. pūira irakētanga. He nui anō o mongamonga o pūira. Te wehe mate o ngā mōhiohio (mukunga), tona tuaruatia ai (tāruarua), te huringa i roto i te takotoranga o te raupapa nucleotide (koaro), me te pae whakawhiti i runga i ngā pūira atu wahi (translocation).
3. irakētanga ira. Ko te irakētanga tino noa. whakakapi te mekameka DNA te maha ngā turanga nitrogenous tupurangi.

Ko te mau hopearaa o irakētanga

irakētanga noa - ai mate pukupuku rokiroki, pōrearea o whēkau me te kopa o te tangata me te kararehe. Ki te kei te pūtau mutated te i roto i te rauropi nui multicellular, te atu pea ka ngaro te reira e te whakarewatanga o te apoptosis (mate pūtau programmed). whakahaere te tinana te tukanga o te tiaki o te rauemi ira, a ki te awhina o te pūnaha ārai mate whakakahoretia tangata o te taea pūtau pakaru katoa.

I roto i tetahi take o rau o nga mano o T-lymphocytes kore e whai wa ki te tautuhi i te hanganga kua pā, a homai ana e ia nga pūtau ki tou e Kei roto ano hoki i te ira mutated. He kē atu mahi kongahu pūtau, hua reira matū paitini, me te pēhia ngā te huru whānui o te tinana.

Ki te puta kahore irakētanga i roto i te pūtau tinana me ngā iroriki, ka hei maharatanga te huringa i roto i te uri. faaite mai ratou abnormalities congenital o whēkau, deformities, disorders pūkoro tinana, me mate rokiroki.

irakētanga noa: uara

I roto i ētahi wā, kia whai hua ki te urutau ki te tikanga hou o te ora whakaaro i mua irakētanga huakore. Ko te irakētanga rite te mehua o te kōwhiringa tūturu tenei. Animals, manu me ngā ngārara whai hunaraa Whaitae ōrite ki te rohe o te noho ki te tiaki ia ratou i konihi. Otiia, ki te huri i to ratou wāhi noho, ka whakamahi i te natura irakētanga tamata ki te tiaki i nga momo i ngaro. I raro i nga tikanga hou ora te koutu me te tuku i tenei kaha ki te ētahi atu.

Ka taea e te irakētanga puta i roto i ngā wāhi kore-kaha o te huinga ira, a ka kite i te rerekētanga kitea te tohuāhua. Ite i te "naianei" he taea anake e te tikanga o te rangahau motuhake. He mea tika ki te ako i te takenga o ngā momo e hāngai ana o kararehe, me te faaineineraa o ratou mahere ira.

Ko te raruraru o irakētanga noa

I roto i te tekau-o te rau tau whakamutunga i reira ko tetahi ariā e meinga te irakētanga anake i ngā āhuatanga o waho, me te ki te āwhina i urutau ratou. Hei whakamātau i tenei ariā, i whakawhanakehia te whakamātautau me haeretia tikanga motuhake.

Ko te tukanga ko te meka e kua whakakikoruatia he maha iti o tetahi ahua o huakita i runga i te ngongo, me te i muri i ratou tuara e rave rahi paturopi i honoa ki reira. Wāhanga o microorganisms ora, a ka whakawhitia ratou ki te taiao hou. whakakitea Whakatauritenga o huakita rerekē korere e whakatika ātete māhorahora rite ki te whakapā atu ki te rongoā paturopi, a muri reira.

ko tikanga tāruarua e te papanga fleecy whakawhiti ki te microorganisms, a ka whakawhitia te wā kotahi ki te maha taiao ma. i peu a tukinotia ki te rongoā paturopi koroni New. Ka rite ki te hua, ora ngā huakita ngongo whakaritea i rite te wahi o te reo.