Ko te āhuatanga matū o te Tungsten. Āhuatanga me tono o Tungsten

Tungsten - Ko te āhuatanga matū i roto i te taka pūmotu, e no ki Rōpū VI. I roto i te natura puta Tungsten rite te ranunga o e rima kanoirite. I roto i te tikanga tikanga, me te i raro i ngā āhuatanga tikanga, ko reira he tae hiriwa-hina whakarewa totoka. Reira ko te whakangutungutu tino o konganuku katoa ano.

āhuatanga Basic o Tungsten

Tungsten - he whakarewa he āhuatanga tinana, me te matū faahiahia. I roto i te tata manga katoa o te hanga hou whakamahia te Tungsten. Te tātai te tikanga te whakahuatia reira rite iku'anga whakarewa waikura - WO _3. Tungsten Ko te whakarewa tino whakangutungutu. Kei te riro te reira e taea seaborgium anake e atu noa tugoplavok. Otiia tika rite te roa e kore e rite ki e taea te tohe reira, pera me te mea seaborgium he ora poto rawa.

He he āhuatanga tinana, me te matū motuhake tēnei whakarewa. Tungsten kua he kiato o 19300 kg / m ^3, tona pāmahana rewa ko 3410 ° C. Ma konei tawhā ko reira te rua ki te waro anake - graphite taimana ranei. I roto i te natura puta Tungsten rite kanoirite pūmau rima. Ratou tau papatipu i roto i te whānui i 180 ki te 186. Tungsten kua he honohono, o te 6 meneti, me te pūhui kia reira 0, 2, 3, 4 me te 5. Ko te whakarewa i te taumata makona nui o waiariki kawe ia ano kua. Hoki Tungsten, te ahua he 163 W / (m * deg). E ai ki tenei taonga, ara nui reira pūhui pērā i alloys konumohe. Tungsten Mass tika ki tona kiato i te mea e rite ana ki te 19kg / m ^3. Ko te tohu o te piti hāora o Tungsten awhe i +2 ki +6. He whakarewa āhuatanga waikawa, me raro i roto i te faito teitei roa o tona hāora - taketake.

Ko te kupu e whakaaro alloys o raro pūhui Tungsten iu. He pūhui he tohu o ono te ātete tino. whakaatu ratou i te āhuatanga tino āhuatanga, me te matū o te whakarewa. Tungsten whangai ana ki te hanga i ngā complexes. Ko te Tungsten whakarewa he te tikanga rawa ātete. E haamata te reira ki te taunekeneke ki te hāora anake i te pāmahana o +400 ° C. pā ana te wini whakakahokaho karaihe o Tungsten ki momo pūtoru tinana-faatumuhia.

Ngā pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu matū

Ki te konatunatua Tungsten te ki te hau köwhai maroke, ka taea te whiwhi te pūhui i raro i te ingoa "hexafluoride", e rewa ana i te pāmahana o te 2,5 ° C me whewhe i 19,5 ° C. whiwhi te rauemi rite te ka te pūhui o Tungsten ki māota. Ko mo tenei tauhohenga titau kaua nui pāmahana - e pā ana ki 600 ° C. Heoi, ko te taonga ngāwari whakakeke mahi kino o te wai, me te whakaritea e kore raro ki te huri i roto i te matao. Tungsten - maitai, e kore te mea nei kahore hāora tauhohenga hua whakakorenga i roto i kawakore. Heoi, kei te ngāwari memeha reira i roto i te ranunga o HNO ₃ me HF. Te nuinga o nga pūhui matū nui o Tungsten - ko tona trioxide WO _3, H ₂ WO ₄ - waikawa tungstic me ona pärönaki - tai tungstates.

Ka taea e whakaaro tetahi etahi o nga āhuatanga matū o te Tungsten i whārite tauhohenga. Hei tauira, te tātai WO ₃ + 3H ₂ = W + 3H ₂ Kei te whakahokia mai O. reira i waikura Tungsten whakarewa faaite tona taonga ki te taunekeneke ki te hauwai. whakaata ana tēnei whārite te tukanga o te whiwhi i te reira i te Tungsten trioxide. I muri tātai tohu te taonga pērā i Tungsten insolubility mahi i roto i te waikawa: W + 2HNO3 + 6HF = WF6 + 2NO + 4H2O. Ko tētahi o nga matū tino faahiahia kei roto carbonyl Tungsten whakaaro. I reira ka riro paninga ultrathin mātotoru o Tungsten parakore.

History o whakahura

Tungsten - he whakarewa e whiwhi tona ingoa i te reo Latin. Whakamaoritia tikanga reira "pahuka o wuruhi". puta tenei ingoa rerekē e tika ana ki te whanonga o te whakarewa. ◊oatu fakataha ore tine keri, Tungsten, i pokanoa tine kōwhiringa. No te mea o te reira i roto i te tukanga o te tango, para i hanga anake. mea tenei konganuku e e ia "kai tine rite te wuruhi kai i te hipi." He tokomaha miharo nei kitea te Tungsten huānga matū?

I hanga te wā kotahi tenei kitenga pūtaiao i roto i rua nga wahi i pūtaiao rerekē, takitahi o ia atu. I roto i 1781 riro te kēmihi Scheele o Sweden he pera-ka karanga "kohatu taimaha", te whakahaere ngā ki te waikawa hauota me te scheelite. I roto i 1783, i te teina Utaina i ingoa Spain, Eluard korerotia ano te kitenga o te huānga hou. More ïa, kua whakatuwheratia e ratou waikura Tungsten rewa i roto i te haukini.

Ko te alloys ki ētahi atu konganuku

I tēnei wā te wehe kotahi-wāhanga, me alloys Tungsten maha-wāhanga. Kei roto ratou i tetahi atu ranei huānga ke. pūhui te nuinga mohiotia - ko te koranu o te Tungsten me molybdenum. Tāpiri molybdenum Tungsten tahi kaha i raro i mānukanuka. i roto i te kāwai o alloys Tungsten kotahi-wāhanga hoki no pūhui ki Titanium, hafnium, zirconium. Ko te plasticity rahi o Tungsten piri rhenium. Heoi, i roto i te mahi te tono i te koranu - he tukanga tika wa-e kai ana, i te mea he tino uaua ki te whiwhi Rhenium.

Mai Tungsten Ko tetahi o te rauemi tino whakangutungutu, te fariiraa i alloys Tungsten - e kore te mahi ngāwari. A, no te te timata noa tenei whakarewa ki te kohuatia, ētahi e neke kē i roto i te āhua wai hau ranei. Ko e taea ki te whiwhi alloys i te tikanga o te iahiko pūtaiao hou. Alloys kei roto Tungsten, konukōreko me te konukurahina, e whakamahia hoki te tono i te paparanga paruru i runga i ngā rauemi pakarukaru.

I roto i te ahumahi metallurgy hou rite hoki alloys te whakamahi i Tungsten paura. Hei waihanga i te tikanga motuhake e tika ana, tae atu i te hanga o te taiao korehau. No te mea hiahia etahi āhuatanga o Tungsten pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu āhuatanga steelmakers kore e alloys te waihanga i tētahi āhuatanga-wāhanga e rua, me te whakamahi i 3, 4, neke atu rānei ngā wāhanga. He rawa roa, engari ki mārama tātai hanganga ture ēnei alloys. I te ōrau ine iti taea wāhanga koranu tahuri pakarukaru, me te taea.

Tungsten - huānga, whakamahia nei i roto i te toi

Mai i tenei whakarewa i hanga kakawaea topuku noa. Ano, X-ray ngongo taputapu ngā te oumu korehau ki te whakamahi i pāmahana tino tiketike. Steel, e ngā Tungsten he taumata tiketike rawa o te kaha. E whakamahia taua alloys mo te hanga o taputapu i roto i ngā wāhanga: hoki kōhao, rongoa, engineering.

Ko te painga matua o nga pūhui, me Tungsten maitai - kakahu resistance kino unlikelihood. huaina te whare tino rongonui i roto i te koranu Tungsten te "toa." Kei te hoki whānui e whakamahia ana i tēnei huānga i roto i te ahumahi matū. Ki te tona tua hanga uhi peita. Rawa whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i tenei mara whiwhi Tungsten waikura 6. Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te hanga o carbides Tungsten me halides. Ko tētahi atu ingoa mō tenei rauemi - trioxide Tungsten. whakamahia 6 Tungsten waikura te rite te ngarahu kōwhai i roto i peita mō okouku me ngā hua karaihe.

He aha e konganuku taimaha?

alloys hāngai ana Tungsten-katoa e whai he taupū kiato nui, ka karanga taimaha. E whakaputaina ratou anake i te tikanga o te paura metallurgy. Ko nga wa katoa Tungsten te pūtake mo te koranu taimaha, ai taea e te ihirangi runga ki 98%. Ano hoki te tapiritia tenei whakarewa ki konganuku taimaha konukōreko, parahi, me te rino. Heoi, ka taea e ratou te tomo me te Konqueror, hiriwa, konukurahina, molybdenum. riro te rongonui rahi alloys rangitahi noho (Tungsten - nika - rino) me te Xíp (Tungsten - nika - parahi). He taumata teitei o te mātotoru o enei alloys e āhei ki a ratou takanga mai radiation kama kino. O enei flywheels e hanga o wira, hoapā hiko, rotors hoki wira.

carbide Tungsten

Tata hawhe o te Tungsten whakamahia mō te hanga o konganuku roa, carbide tino Tungsten, e kua he pāmahana rewa o 2770 C. Tungsten carbide ko te pūhui matū, e kei te maha rite o ngā ngota waro me te Tungsten. He āhuatanga matū motuhake tēnei koranu. homai Tungsten reira he kaha taua e nui reira rererua tenei parahi tohu.

whakamahia Tungsten carbide te ngā i roto i te ahumahi. No te mea kua hangaia reira ahanoa whakairo ki te kia tino ātete ki te pāmahana teitei, me te abrasion. no te mea hoki i hanga te o tenei huānga:

• wāhanga rererangi, engines motokā.
• Taipitopito mō spaceships.
• mea Medical me hāparapara, e kua whakamahia i roto i te pokanga puku. He nui ake te utu atu i te tikanga maitai hauora taua taputapu, engari he ratou ake hua.
• Whakapaipai, rawa taumautanga mowhiti. Tungsten rongonui taua hono ki tona kaha, mo te hoa faaipoipo e tohu hononga kaha, me te ahua. oro Āhuatanga Tungsten i roto i te puka taua e reira mo tiakina ana he wa tino roa whakaata, ahua pīataata.
• Pōro mō te pōro-ira pene papai.

Win - Tungsten koranu

Tata i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te tau 1920, kua timata maha whenua alloys whakaputaina mō te tapahi taputapu, e he rite i Tungsten carbide me konukurahina whakarewa. I roto i te Germany, he koranu taua huaina Vidya, i roto i te United States - Karbolit. I roto i te Soviet Union, ka karanga te koranu taua te "toa." i pai hoki te maimoatanga o ngā hua maka rino ēnei alloys. Win Ko te koranu uku-whakarewa ki te taumata tino teitei o te haumaru. Kei te hanga te reira i roto i te puka o paraharaha o āhua rerekē me te rahi.

tukanga ahumahi Pobedita ko e whai ake: tangohia te carbide paura Tungsten, paura pai o te nika hinu ranei, a ka he whakauru, ka aki i roto i te pakete motuhake katoa. Ko te pereti e aki kupu i raro ki te maimoatanga wera atu. homai tenei te koranu rawa pakeke. e kore e ēnei paraharaha whakamahia anake hoki whakairo maka rino, engari ano hoki mo te hanga o taputapu drill. Peleti o pobedita soldered runga taputapu kōhao te whakamahi i parahi.

Tuhinga o Tungsten i roto i te natura

Tenei konganuku he iti rawa horapa i roto i te taiao. I muri i nga mea timatanga katoa 57 e te reira wahi, me te he hakari rite Clark Tungsten. Ano, ko te whakarewa he kohuke - scheelite me wolframite. heke Tungsten ki manawa whenua ranei rite ake katote ranei i te puka o ngā pūhui. Ko he hokiate i manawa whenua i te kukū nui rawa. Ko te torutoru haurau o te mg / l, me te ngā e kore taui i to ratou āhuatanga matū. taea hoki te tukua Tungsten ki tinana wai māori i ngā tipu puunaha me wheketere.

Ko te pānga i runga i te tinana tangata

whakauaua mai Tungsten ki whakapā ki te wai kai ranei. He pea he mōrea o inhalation o matūriki Tungsten me te rangi i roto i te wāhi mahi. Heoi, ahakoa no ki te kāwai o konganuku taimaha, he kore-paitini Tungsten. Tungsten paihana puta anake i roto i te hunga e hono ana ki te hanga o te Tungsten. Ko te tohu o te pānga whakarewa i runga i te tinana e taea e rerekē. Hei tauira, Tungsten paura, Tungsten carbide, me te taonga pērā i te waikawa tungstic anhydrite, taea meinga kino tana pukapuka. Ko tōna tohu matua - ahuatanga, kirika. whakatika tohumate atu kino, ka kawa alloys Tungsten. puta tenei i te inhalation o alloys puehu me te arata'i ki Bronchitis, kakakīrehe pūkahukahu.

Tungsten konganuku, hinga i roto i te tinana tangata, e kore e whenumi i roto i te whēkau, me te āta whakaaturia. Kia tohu he nui pūhui ati Tungsten no ki te wairewa. E takoto ratou i roto i te kōateate, wheua, me te kiri. te rongo auroa o pūhui Tungsten taea puta tohumate pērā i whao pakarukaru, tihorenga kiri, ngā momo o te dermatitis.

Stocks o Tungsten i roto i whenua ngā

Ko nga rauemi Tungsten nui i roto i Russia, Canada ko China. Scientists matapae e i roto i te rohe kāinga kei e pā ana ki 943 mano toni o tenei whakarewa. Ki te whakapono tatou enei whakatau tata, te nuinga o rahui kei roto i Southern Siberia me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti nui. Tino iti te mohiotia rauemi hautau - ko reira anake e pā ana ki 7%.

Na roto i te maha o ngā putunga kï o Tungsten Russia he tuarua ki Haina anake. Kei te nuinga o ratou e i roto i ngā wāhanga o Kabardino-Balkaria me Buryatia. Otiia i roto i enei mara e kore hua Tungsten parakore me ona ore kei roto hoki molybdenum, koura, bismuth, tellurium, konutaketake, me ētahi atu matū. E rua hautoru o te rōrahi o te Tungsten hua torotoro puna rō i roto i tokahuke whakangutungutu, te wahi i te kohuke volframosoderzhaschim matua he scheelite. Ko te pūkete ore tiri legkoobogatimyh mo te tuatoru anake o te hanga. Āhuatanga o te Tungsten whakaputaina i roto i Russia he raro atu ki waho. Kei roto tokahuke te ōrau nui o te trioxide Tungsten. I roto i Russia, torutoru rawa putunga whakarewa momona. E hoki one Tungsten kounga rawakore ki te rota o waikura.

Tungsten i roto i te ōhanga

timata hanga Tungsten Global ki te tupu i pā ana ki 2009, ka tīmata ahau ki te ora ahumahi Āhia. Ko te kaihanga nui rawa o te Tungsten ko China. Hei tauira, i roto i 2013 kiia te wahi o hokohoko i roto i tenei whenua mo te 81% o te supply ao. Mō 12% o te tono mo te Tungsten e pā ana ki te hanga o huaki rama. E ai ki te tohunga, ka kia heke te whakamahi o te Tungsten i roto i tenei rohe i roto i maimoatanga ki arahina a antibody rama i roto i te taiao ā-me te wāhi mahi.

Kei te whakapono te reira e reira e kia tipu te hiahia mō te Tungsten i te hanga o te taputapu hiko. High resistance te kākahu o te Tungsten me tona kaha ki te mau tonu te hiko hanga tenei te whakarewa tino pai mo te hanga o tauwehe ngaohiko. Heoi, i roto i ngā o te tono, ko te tino iti tonu, a kua tata te reira e na 2018 ka tupu te reira i te taha o te 2 anake%. Heoi, kia rite ki Scientists matapae e kia tupu i roto i te heke mai tata nui haere te hiahia mō te carbide timahia. Ko e tika ana ki te tupu o te production automotive i roto i te US, China, Europe, me he hua i roto i te ahumahi keri tenei. Kei te whakapono te reira e na 2018, ka whakanui i tono mo te Tungsten e 3.6%.