Ko wai e te populists me aha he ratou mahi?

Ko te Māoritanga o te Populists, i puta i roto i te Russian Empire i roto i 1860-1910-doma, tu ake mo te whakawhiti o te hapori ki te "ataahua" tonu i feudalism ki hapori, moni tarapekepeke. I whakaarohia e te whakaaro, me te whakawhanakehia e te Herzen, Bakunin, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky. ta matou ki nga Marxists. tohe ratou e te puta i roto i te pūnaha Russian taea anake e te capitalist.

Tino mahi populists - ko te ahua o te piriti i roto i te kaupapa pāhoro i te rangatira (ranei Decembrists) atamira ki te Marxist (arā, proletarian). Heoi, kihai i nga tini i haria ki te whakatö-o te revolution. Na quelled tāmitanga kāwanatanga tenei kaupapa. Heoi, mahue reira i te makatea kanapa e mahara te hītori o Russia. Ko wai e te populists me aha e rongonui ratou? Te paraparau nei tatou e pā ana ki tenei i roto i te taipitopito i roto i te tuhinga.

Imiraa i te parau o te iwi

Ko wai e te populists i roto i te rau tau 19? Tenei intelligentsia, tutua, nei i rapu mō ratou wahi i roto i te hapori. E whakamamaetia ratou i te whakaaro e ratou i te roa o kua whakarerea i te iwi, tona whakaaro nui me te pono. Mea e peasants morare runga noa ake ratou ake. Anake e matau ki ratou, e ora i roto i te rawakore, mamae i tia ore. Na e hiahia ana tatou ki te tiki tata ki a ratou, ki te whakatuwhera o ratou kanohi, me te ki whakaako i runga i te ara tika. I roto i tenei - i te ohipa o pūkenga ki te iwi. He mea tika ki te whakaōrite whenei pāpori katoa me i tango ia i te pai.

Hoki outlook ngā kaiwawao hopea nei-ra o te iwi e mahi ana i runga i te whakapono e Russia - he tuakiri whenua. Ko te taa o tona ōhanga - te production motu. No te mea te mea he ahurei, rerekē i ētahi atu whenua, te ara o te whanaketanga. rapu Populists ki te whakawhanake i tōna ake tauira ohaoha, e e hāngai e rua nga industrialists me peasants noa. Herzen, hei tauira, i tuhituhi e pā ana ki pono "hapori Russian". ko te tohu mo te mahi tenei.

Ko te takenga mai o te parau haapiiraa

Scientists haapapû i Russian he hītori maha ngaa tuumomo aronga. A i roto i maha atu nekehanga tōrangapū o ngā moni ko te pātai o nei te populists me aha ko te oneone i hoatu e ara ki tenei āhuatanga. He aha tika i mawhiti tuatahi, kua tūpono kaupapa he taiepa o pōhēhē?

Russia i roto i aua tau - agrarian, whakamuri. Ko underdeveloped te moni. whakahaeretia te ora kaiahuwhenua korerorero whenua. nohoia Ko tōna kaimahi mema he wahi noa o te whenua. Society kī ratou mahi noa, me te ora te utuafare, te whakarite tika rite mo te katoa, ki te tiaki i nga käinga i te tukino o nga kaipupuri whenua nui, rangatira.

i muri mai, ka tīmata te kainga te raupapatanga pāpori, kua meinga te reira i te hapori, he wahia i runga i te whanaketanga o ngā pāmu. I roto i te takiwa, ko ia he wae tauira o te hapori Russian me te mentality o Russian i iwi he wahi motuhake. Hoki tenei, a ka mau te hunga e whakatairangatia ana te kaupapa o te Populists.

Herzen - te matamua o te populism - tiaki ai kanohi i roto i Europa mutu ki te revolution o 1848-1849. ngaro ia te whakapono i roto i te hapori Europe. Te whakatairite tona whenua, me te uru, ka tae ia ki te mutunga e me tango tuatahi hapori i roto i Russia mau. A e kore te reira na uaua. I muri i te katoa, te hapori i roto i te kainga - pūtau rite hapori hapori. Ko te ngako matua o te whakahoki ki te pātai tenei: ko wai e te populists?

Takatāpui tika ranei?

Ko te hunga e haere mai ana ki te tiaki o te tika o te rawakore, kī te turanga o te hapori te tika i mua nei. A he mārama hoki reira. I ngā wā, e hāngai ana te ahurea Russian katoa te runga reira. "E kore e ahau ui ōritetanga me te tika!" - ka mea Alyosha Karamazov i pūrākau o Dostoevsky. Ko tenei kaupapa tonu i roto i te whakatinanatanga ngā, te oro i roto i te tuhinga, me te pēhi i te wā 1860-1910 tau. Here, he mārama te kite o te tangata e te populists i hītori, nui rerekē i te tahi atu rōpū hou-whakaaro. Ko te kupu, hoatu Marxists te aronga i runga i te ōritetanga o te iwi. A kihai i whakatau ai nga wawata o te iwi Russian. I muri i te katoa, i tawhiti nekehia nga Marxists i te mau o te ahurea Russian. E kore matou i ite i te reira hohonu.

Takotoranga ki kaimahi

Hei mahino pai nei te populists, he mea e tika ana ki te haamana'o Herzen ki tona "hapori Russian." ka whakatata ia whakarongo ki te peasants. I muri i te turanga pāpori whānui! No te mea te whāinga - ki te whakakore kaipupuri whenua tikanga ki te tuku i te käinga me ratou whakaaro (kahore utu) ki te tomo kāwanatanga.

whakaaro Chernyshevsky e tuatahi whakamana te hapori te tūranga o te puka ngā o production, me ki te capitalist, a ka āta whakakapi reira.

Mai i tahae ki mua

kia hoki mohio koe ki nga momo o kaupapa ki te kia mārama nei te populists. He ko e toru ngā matua: ko te tahae ranei tuwhena, ohaoha, ranei whakatö-, me anarchist.

Ko te Rīpera i raro i te ārahitanga o tona ideologue P. Lavrov i whakaaro o etahi motuhake, engari e kore e te trajectory o te whanaketanga capitalist i Russia. Ae, ka karanga hoki ratou mo te whakapai ake o te ora o te iwi noa. Otiia i roto i te aha ara? Reformatory. Ratou titauraa - ki te whakangaro i te toenga o te pūnaha feudal, ki te whakakore rawa nui u o te kaiwhakarēti, ka mahi i taea ki te "kino o te moni" e kore e ngoto ki Russia mea katoa. i mohio pai ariā Marxist ratou. Pānuitia a tae noa iritihia ki Russian pukapuka katoa e toru o "Capital". Ko hoki ahau whakaaro ahau tautokohia reira.

Tetahi wehi, tutu i paopao ratou. Te kaha ārahi i roto i te aamu - te intelligentsia. I muri i te katoa, e matau ana ia e founga ki te whakaaro kaikini. A e kore e rite mo te revolution kaimahi. Na, me tuatahi tatou ia faaineine i te whakatairanga - te intelligentsia. Na kia haere te iwi, korero. Otiia e kore e ki te whakaara i te tini ki te tutu tonu. Ko te mahi whakamārama roa ki te arahi i te käinga ki te timatanga o te revolution.

Na te aha i koe te mahi i roto i te mahi? E ratou he "ariā o mahi iti." I roto i te whānui, i te tikanga o te populists - he maramarama Ahurea roto te taupori.

I roto i te akoranga ko te makasini, nga mea katoa o feohi tūmatanui me ngā rōpū, ngā hui, me te Zemstvo papa, tinana arā pōtitia o rohe whaiaro kāwanatanga-.

Rawa (rite wawe rite 1880-1890) populists ka haere mahara ki te pera-ka karanga ariā o mahi iti. Ko te niupepa "Wiki" faafariu i te kaipānui e te mea o pūkenga kororia - tauturu i te käinga. e kore e ratou hinga i te mau fifi i kua puta i runga i nga āhuatanga o te ōhanga mākete. Ka taea e koe te tauturu i te kaimahi whai wāhi i roto i te mahi Zemstvos.

karanga Press ki ngā kaiako, agronomists, tākuta, "Haere i te kainga, me te mahi whaiaro ki te whakapai ake i te ora o te tangata." Ko te moheni "taonga Russian" kaha kōrero take kainga. "Whakatatutia iho ki runga ki te whenua," te publicist huaina Engelhardt, kaituhi Leo Tolstoy, me ētahi atu to'utangata nui. I korero ratou e pā ana ki te painga i morare o te iwi o te iwi mātauranga.

haere tatou i te tahi atu ara

Radical ranei pāhoro populists, piri i roto i te whakahaere raro. ka karanga ratou ratou kau muimui o Chernyshevsky. Ratou paearu i kotahi - hurihanga nohopuku me te hunga nanakia o te kingi, me te whakawhiti tonu ki te hapori.

ahua Bright i roto ia ratou - teina o Lenin Alexander Ulyanov. Ko ia tetahi o nga ngā kaiwhakahaere me te feia faatere o te totohe kaiwhakatuma "o tangata Will". Te reira i Ulyanov Sr. ko te hōtaka o ratou pakanga ki te kāwanatanga tsarist.

I te kotahi noa tau te tahae populists whakaturia ake tona whatunga ngaro. Tenei rōpū 80. Tata e rima rau activists - i roto i te pokapū, me te i runga i te whenua. I roto i te whānui, e kohikohi ia he rōpū o te maha mano piri. I hanga Volya rima nganatanga ki runga ki Alexander II, haere ki raro, i roto i te hītori rite te "liberator" me "reforomatio nui." I muri i te katoa, memeha ia serfdom, i whakahounga pūtea, me te tahi atu. Heoi, kei te whainga pakeke kohuru hoki ia. I roto i te nganatanga whakamutunga Maehe 1, 1881, i wero te kingi.

meka Interesting: Alexander Ulyanov hokona tona mētara koura, i riro ia mo ana rangahau, ka hokona ki te explosives moni mo te poma.

mauheretia kaiwhakatuma-tau 21-tau i te wā e teuteu ki te kōhuru Alexander III me mahi i. I muri i te taua putanga fakamamahi o te taitamariki Lenin mea: "Kahore, ka haere tatou i te tahi atu ara!"

Na ka aru te whenua i te taha o hopukia papatipu o "Periara", mau tamataraa whakaatu nui, executions. I roto i te tika e toru nga tau (i 1881 ki te 1884-th) i repressed tekau mano iwi. Heoi mutu ki te tīariari "Narodnaya Volya".

tutu toto

Mua - toru nga peka o te populism. Ratou kihai kore anake i whakaaro ki te faaafaro rua i roto i tetahi āhua, engari kihai i mohio tetahi o ratou. P. Kropotkin ko Mikhail Bakunin - ideologists Russian o anarchism - whakaaro e Pēhia mana katoa, pononga tuakiri. He Russian - toto te tutu i ngakau,. He rite hoki te revolution te peasants. Na reira, ko te take mo te iti - ki te whakarite i te tutu motu. A ka tahia e ia tenei kāwanatanga, me te kore e tukua te hanga o te tetahi hou. kua he kino taputapu kāwanatanga katoa i te whakamāramatanga.

korero Kropotkin o te tūranga ārahi o te puranga. Ka taea e ratou whakahōpututia te whenua. He anake tetahi ki te whakatū i te mana motuhake o te korerorero me te Kotahitanga.

More te kore e rata

He aha ngā tikanga e whakamahia populists ano? Puta noa muia te whenua porowhita papatipu hē, me te āhua-ture. Anake etahi i noa-whakaaro, i ētahi atu - i te he.

waipuke karapu Ākonga Kharkiv, Moscow me era atu pa. Te nuinga o te iwi taitamariki hiahia te hurihanga o te arikitanga i te revolution. Ko te pūrere hou - he uniana o ngā rohe. O te akoranga, te hānga, whakahaere nei e te whakaminenga pōtitia.

mana nui i roto i te pane oaoa te "Whenua me te tauatāina" - he hapori ngaro. i roto i te St. Petersburg, me te rōpū "kohuru o te tangata" i roto i Moscow hoki. E whakangungua to'na mau melo, engari he "revolution kaiahuwhenua" e kore tetahi mea.

rangatira tatarahapa

He ko ara etahi porowhita pera "te rangatira tatarahapa." I roto i tona ora, whakatapu ratou e ia faatiti'aifaro mo te rau tau i te aroaro o nga tangata hara o ahau me aku tupuna.

I roto i te poto, tetahi ara ranei tetahi, engari te katoa hiahia ki te faaara i te iwi o ratou "instincts hapori." Kua tenei katoa i tino hira, hou, nui. Kaituhi me kairīpoata āta tuhituhia i runga i enei kaupapa. hanga Artists peita. Na, ki te ngakau peita Ilya Repin o "te hopu o te nä te" i mohio a.

Otiia āta timata populism ki te ngaro ratou rongonui me te mana i roto i te hapori. Ko te atu kua kua e whakaara tona matenga te piha haapiiraa mahi.

Ko te utopia

Pita Struve, he ohanga me te kaitōrangapū, mārama whakamārama nei i te populists. Tenei idealization me ōhanga oranga me te ōritetanga tahito. Noa tuku te hanganga ōhanga tawhitotia, kua hanga nei ki roto ki te pūnaha pāpori, me te tōrangapū katoa. I roto i te meka ko reira - te Māoritanga o te intelligentsia, a kahore te iwi.

I tua atu, puta taua tono i roto i te whenua e hāngai ana ahuwhenua-. A ko reira i roto i to ratou whakawhitinga ki ahumahi. E tikanga Fans o enei whakaaro ki te whakawhanake i tētahi tauira o te whanaketanga capitalist me te taupori āta urutau ki te ture o te ōhanga hou. Otiia e kore e mahi i te reira, no te mea te mariko.

he wahi pai

Ko te kaiaka o te Populists i te meka e te nuinga o awhinatia ratou parau haapiiraa me ngā mahi ki te whakakotahi i te iwi - i roto i te whakakorenga o wehewehenga piha haapiiraa. i hanga e ratou preconditions ki te waihanga i tētahi wāhi ture - kotahi mo ia me nga whenei o te hapori.

mārama whakamatauria hoki te hape o te whakaaro ki te tiaki i te pāmu iti rau. tātai te wehi, rawa, kihai i hua hua.

whakatupuranga New tupu ake, rite hoki whaiaro patunga-i roto i te pakanga ki te tikanga tawhito.