Zemstvo: he whakamārama poto

kaunihera Zemsky - ko te tinana matua, i hanga nei rite ki te hua o whakahounga i 1864 i roto i te kingitanga o Alexander II. Kua ēnei pūtahi i hanga hei wāhanga o te raupapa o whakahounga e kua kawea atu i roto i te hawhe tuarua o tenei rau tau.

Āhuatanga o te tau

Ko te hiringa tonu mō te e mau ana i roto i hanganga i roto i ao katoa o te hapori Russian ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom. Kua ui tenei taahiraa nui huringa tonu i roto i te, whakahaere, pūnaha ture pāpori, me te kaupapa i roto i te mara o te mātauranga me te ahurea. Na reira, mooni hoki tekau tau i tū te raupapa o mehua mo te whakahaere me te whakahou o te pūtahi ture. I roto i te 1864, tukuna te Hiha he tikanga i runga i te whakatū o zemstvos motuhake. I i muri whakahaere te tauira taua, me te whakahou tāone. i whakaurua te tūtohinga whare wānanga ohaoha hou, i homai mana motuhake whanui ki enei whare. Ko te kupu, ko te whakatūnga o te rohe whaiaro kāwanatanga-ko ha sitepu mahu'inga ia i roto i nga mahi whakahou o Alexander II.

prehistory

e kore Zemstvo papa i te auaha: kua rite te kaupapa o te whakahou i te timatanga o te rau tau. Alexander whakahau ano ahau Speransky faaineine i te ripeneta mo te whakamana o te mana rohe. Whakawhanakehia e tenei mahere Statesman ka karanga hoki te hanganga o toru ngā taumata o te kaha: te taiwhenua municipality, mataeinaa me te kawanatanga. I ia o enei taumata whakaratohia mo te whakatū o te whakawa: ko te gentry rohe, kaipupuri whenua, me peasants te runanga municipality tuawhenua, e kua pōtitia e te mataeinaa, te muri, i roto i te tahuri, i hanga te porowini me te kotahi - te Russian State Duma. Tenei kaupapa te mana pōti motu, pea, ko te kaupapa tino nui Speransky, ahakoa te meka e kore e peasants puku puritia uru te pōtitanga i. Heoi, i te timatanga o te rau tau, kihai i whakatinana i tenei mahere, me ki te huringa rawa nui whakaurua i roto i te whakahou o Alexander II.

tumu

Zemstvo papa i te wahi tino nui o te pūnaha kāwanatanga hou. E ai ki nga tikanga, i runga i te whenua i hanga porowini me rohe whakahaere hahi zemstvo, i roto i te tahuri pōtitia te tinana whakahaere - kaunihera. ka mau te taupori wahi anake i roto i te kōwhiringa o te whakaminenga rohe. ngā te kaipōti o ngā kaipupuri whenua, te taupori tāone me te peasants. i iti ratou whai wāhitanga ki tohu rawa. Ko te rōpū tuatahi - te taonga u o kahore iti iho i te 200 whakatekau, e kore te mea iti iho i te 15 mano moni hoko whare .. ranei tetahi moni ā-tau.

kaipōti Urban i ki ake i te hinonga arumoni ahumahi ranei he moni ā-tau o te kore e iti iho i te 6 mano ranei. Miria. pōtitanga kaiahuwhenua e rua-atamira: te hapori taiwhenua, me te pāriha. Ko te kupu, ko te hiahia hoki kaipupuri whenua nui, me te bourgeoisie, i nga tika o te taupori whānui kua iti.

hanganga

pōtitia kaunihera Zemsky hahi zemstvo porowini, me te rohe. rangatira arahina e te kau taki o enei hui. Ko te kupu, tangohia tenei piha kua tūranga nui i roto i enei tinana o te kāwanatanga ā-rohe. Otiia e kore e enei tinana i te mana tōrangapū, a i iti ratou mahi ki te whakatutuki ngā hiahia o te rohe, me te whenua. Ano, kei te whakahaeretia e te mana pokapū, me te rohe o ratou mahi. Ko te kupu, ko te tiamana o te kaunihera rohe rohe i roto i te kawanatanga whakaaetia e te Minita o Internal Affairs. I te tahi taime te rota o te wā i roto i nei te mahi o te whaiaro kāwanatanga-rohe, ara iti. I tua atu, kihai i whai ratou ratou ake pokapū whiu me te uruhi me, te mea e tika ana, i takoha ki te tahuri ki te pirihimana me te whakahaere, ai whakaae tona fakafalala ki runga ki a ratou. Otiia, whai wāhi te whakahou ki te whakaora o ngā mahi tūmatanui i roto i te mara o te intelligentsia.

mahi

Ko te meka o nei whakaaetia nga tiamana zemstvo, fakamo'oni'i pehea i hiahia i roto i te haamauraa i te mana i runga i enei tinana te mana. Ko te upoko o te kāwanatanga mataeinaa hoatu ki te whakaae o te kawana, e aru ana nga mahi kāwanatanga ā-rohe. Ko te mahi o nga mana hou ngā te whakahaere o fakahoko pāpori: ko to ratou mana whakahaere rerewē, ngā hōhipera, mātauranga tūmatanui, te whakapai ake ngā tikanga ahuwhenua me te āwhina i roto i te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua. hanga e ratou o ratou ake pūtea e hāngai ana nei i runga i takoha taonga, me hinga te nuinga o te koraha. Otiia, awhi maha pūkenga whakahou ki te ngākau: tokomaha tākuta pūmanawa, ngā kaiako, paramedics, haere Engineers ki te mahi i roto i te kainga, me te whai wāhi ki tona whanaketanga ōhanga, pāpori me te ahurea.

uara

I roto i tenei pūnaha hou Zemstvo papa i te kōwae whakahaere matua, no te mea kei te tika whai wāhi te reira i roto i ngā hiahia rohe. i pōtitia ia mo tau toru, me ngā o te tiamana me toru ngā mema a tawhio noa. Ko, ahakoa te whakahounga pai kitea e ia te reira i te faana'oraa o ka whakaritea ki te mahere o Speransky, i ngā mo te hanganga o te pūnaha pōtitanga katoa, i te wae pāpori iti rawa, whakaaro volost ki te okana katoa-Russian o te State Duma, i roto i te pōtitanga i tae e tata katoa ngā wāhanga o te taupori. E ai ki te whakahou o 1864, te kaunihera zemstvo porowini me rohe, me ki nga kohikohinga, i roto i te meka, ko te anake e rua tinana pōtitia kahore turanga, te taumata tāone me te katoa-Russian Duma.