Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich, rohi pehe Russian me te kaituhi: biography, auaha

Poet Korzhavin - he tangata ahurei, me te pūmanawa, i meinga nei hei mōhio o nga connoisseurs katoa o tuhinga, me te kāhua nui-te piha haapiiraa. Kia aroha mai, e kore te mea e mohiotia te pai rawa noa i roto i to ratou whenua tupu i te rohi pehe, ahakoa tona takoha ki te whanaketanga o te ahurea me te tuhinga he nui. Ko te take, ko te tino banal me izezzhena - takoki whanaunga ki te kāwanatanga. Ko wai a Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich? I teie mahana kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te ngingila Russian pehe, kaitito, kaituhi me te translator. Me kï reira e i roto i tona mahi katoa tomo te wāhi matua - e pā ana ki te tikanga herekore o te tangata tangata, o ona tikanga me matatika.

mohio

whanau Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich, tona haurongo ka whakanohoia ki runga i whata i te iti o raro, i roto i tau 1925 i roto i Kiev. Ko te ingoa tūturu o te rohi pehe - Mandel. I whanau ia ki te whānau Hurai. Mō ngā mātua o ngā mohiotia tangata pūmanawa te kahore. Katoa ngā mōhiohio nui murua i nga whārangi o te hītori ... Kei te mohiotia te reira e ko tona whaea, he niho, me tona koroua - tika (te tangata tapu, tata he tapu).

haere te tamaiti, me te tamariki katoa ki te kura. Heoi, e kore ngā kura o te whakapaipai ka haere ki tona matua, a te aroaro o te whawhai i peia ia i reira. Te rohi pehe ia i roto i tona tohinoa ta e ko te take he pakanga ki te kaiwhakahaere o te whare.

tamarikitanga

Nahum Korzhavin, e tino paingia ana i roto i te porowhita kuiti i roto i te kāinga, me te ki waho nei rotarota, me tona tamarikitanga ko he tuakiri kanapa. Ahakoa i roto i tona tamarikitanga kite Nikolai Aseev - mohiotia pehe, kaituhi me te toa o te Stalin paraihe. Tenei tangata whakaurua i roto i te taiao tuhituhi Moscow heke mai ki kaituhi pūmanawa engari unknown. Nikolai Aseev Ko te tuatahi nei i kite i roto i te tangata taitamariki taitama, me te wehi o te rohi pehe, ka maongo katoa nei kāhua. Kei te nuinga o mahi te reira ki Korzhavin rite taea feongoongoi a tura'i pai ki te taiao tuhituhi o Moscow, ki tonu o kahore anake iwi mohio i ko, engari hae ano hoki. E tano ia tapao e kore Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich i wehi - ka whakahoki tonu ia maia me nuitia o ratou hoariri. O te akoranga, ko reira tetahi o nga take he aha e kore te ia aroha, engari whakaaro.

Haere ki te kāreti

A, no te timata te Pakanga nui Patriotic, i whakatahia Mandel i te whakapaipai. i taea hoki ia mahi Military, pera i te mamae ia i myopia. oho te pehe taitamariki ki Moscow i 1944. Ko te mea tuatahi i ia ko ki te tomo ki roto ki te Literary Institute Gorky. Ko piriponotanga te tangata taitama i to ratou kaha, a kihai kore haere i te whakamātautau. Ahakoa te meka e ko te nganatanga rihīti kāore i, kihai i pā ai te wairua whawhai o te tangata taitamariki. E kore e ogorchilolo reira rite noa auraa e e waiho e ia uaua ki te faaineine i a ka haere i runga i te tau i muri mai.

ngohengohe tamau Meni. Te tau e whai ake nei, 1945, tino haere Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich ki te kura. He meka whakairo i ana hoa i roto i te whare tangata pērā i Vladimir Tendriakov me Rasul Gamzatov.

hopu

Aita i maoro te pakanga Stalinist ki cosmopolitanism, i pa me to tatou hero. I roto i te 1947, i mauheretia te rohipehe. mahara ia i te reira rawa mārama. Pea, he uaua ki te wareware te ra, ka tahuri i to outou ora kei te ka huripokitia e. Mai i te mau haamana'oraa o te rohi pehe ahau mohio ai ko reira wawe i te ata, Rasul Gamzatov kaha moe i muri i te inu kotahi me anake karanga wehi "hea e koe?!".

pau atu atu i te 8 marama te roa, me te pakeke Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich i te Institute. Serbian State Haumarutanga me te Tāhuhu o te USSR. I roto i te mutunga, i whiua te rohipehe. Hui Special o te MGB whiua ia ki te whakaraua rite te huānga pāpori mōrearea. I roto i te ngahuru o 1948 i whakahekea Mandel ki Siberia. I reira noho ia i roto i te kainga Chumakov. No te tau toru poto ia i roto i Karaganda, i 1951 ki te 1954. Ahakoa te meka e kore i pera te ora, kia rite ki e hiahia ana ahau te tangata taitamariki, kihai i ngaro ia te whakapono i roto i koe, i roto i te ora, me te heke mai pai. e kore Naum Moiseevich hemo wā i roto i fakalaulauloto taumaha, me te mauiui i runga i te aha i pa ai ki a ia, me pehea ki te ora i muri i tenei, ko reira he heke mai ... ia tika ora, ka mohio ia i pai ki te haere mai i tona wa. Ko reira ngā e i roto i tona noho i roto i Karaganda, te whakahaere noa ia ki te tiki i te mātauranga i roto i te maina kaiwhakahauhau kolisí.

I muri i te murunga, i puta i roto i te tau 1954, i taea e ki hoki ki Moscow te rohipehe. Kua i rehabilitated ia i muri i rua tau. I maoro ora ake te rohi pehe i te Literary Institute, whiwhi i te 1959.

I muri hoki mai ki Moscow Mandel i ki te hanga i te ora. Ko te tino nui tenei take, no te mea ki te tatari mo te tokoni i kahore i i etahi o nga rōpū. I tenei wa tīmata ia ki te whiwhi i tana ora i roto i whakamāori. Kua i te wā o te "koero" whakaputaina e ia ana whiti i roto i te mau ve'a tuhituhi. e kore e meinga te reira ia he uira, me te angitu Hāuna, engari i kite tonu i te reira. Mai i sketchy me whiriwhiri te tānga i roto i makasini, kua rongonui motuhake kua uaua ki te whakatutuki i. haere mai rongo Wide ki te kaituhi i muri i te whakaputanga o te kohinga whiti "Whārangi Tarusa" i roto i te tau 1961. he kohinga hou tika "Tau" mai i roto i rua tau. kia roto i ia te irava o te kaituhi i 1941 ki te 1961. Tenei wa ko reira rawa uaua, engari ano hoki hua mō Mandel. Ko reira ngā e i roto i te tau 1967 mo tona hanganga "Kia i roto i te rua tekau" i tū te tākaro i roto i te taiepa o te Theatre o K. S. Stanislavskogo.

Korzhavin rohi pehe i kore noa te rohi pehe mōhiohio. E rave rahi o ana mahi i whakaputaina i roto i te samizdat rārangi rerekē. Maoro ka tānga Korzhavina riria, me i mahi ia i roto i te hawhe tuarua o nga 1960, kaha tu ia ki runga mo te taua "herehere o te hinengaro", rite Galanskov, Ginsburg, Raniera ko Sinyavsky.

hekenga

Nahum Korzhavin, nei pukapuka kua rāhuitia inaianei, e kore e taea e wahangu, me ona papā ki te nui haere kāwanatanga. I roto i te 1973, i te uiui i muri, i tuhituhi te rohi pehe kaiwhiu he tauākī o putanga i te whenua, ka mea i te reira "kore o te rangi mo te ora." Kua haere hea te rohi pehe? noho ia i roto i Boston, USA. Maksimov ngā reira i roto i te rārangi o ngā mema o te poari ētita o te "Continent" - he ara auaha Korzhavin me kihai i whakaaro ki te maka. I roto i te 1976, Main te Federal Republic o Germany, ranei, kaua, i Frankfurt ahau, i whakaputaina e ia he kohinga o te kaituhi, e tika ana "Time", me i roto i te 1981 - "plexus".

i muri whakaritenga

I muri i te wā o anō te kaituhi i ahau te whai wāhi ki te haere ki Russia. Na ka haere ia ki te whakarite pānuitanga rotarota me te kōrero ki kaihanga tuhituhi o te wā. ka mau te tere tuatahi wahi i roto i Moscow i te hawhe tuarua o te tau 1980 i te fakaafe whaiaro o Bulat Okudzhava. korero te rohi pehe i roto i te Whare o Cinema, i reira nei nga tau nui o iwi: ki tonu te whare i runga i te balconies taha hoatu anō tūru. I te wa ka huihui ka haere Okudzhava ko Korzhavin runga i te scene, te whakarongo katoa, i te tikanga o te rangatira e kitea, ka tu ki runga, ka pakipaki. Heoi, ko te kite o te rohi pehe nui i tukua atu i tona tamarikitanga, na kihai i taea e ia te kite i te fariiraa i taua. muhumuhu Bulat i tona taringa, te tauhohe o te marae, i muri i nei Mandel kite he whakama. I tenei po i kite ia ona whiti, a ka whakahoki nga pātai e i ruia i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whare, a kihai i taua i te mutunga. Me kï reira e te pānui o ana mahi, e kore ia i taea te tāpui, pera i reira i mahara: ko te take te taua - whakakitenga. A, no te reira i te hiahia ki te pānui i te tahi mea i te pukapuka ki te putanga mai te atamira kaiwhakaari rongonui, me te pānui i te irava tuatahi e mau te kanohi. faaite Tuatahi he hiahia ki te pānui i te rotarota o te ariki nui i Ikoa Kvasha - he whare tapere "Contemporary". Ko reira ka aru take me ētahi atu.

He tokorua o nga ra i muri i te taua mahi angitu me te fariiraa mahana Korzhavin tae mai kairīpoata hākinakina Arkadiya Galinskogo. I korero ratou mo te wa roa, me te koa e te huri i te whenua. Ahakoa tenei, i mea Mandel: "E kore ahau e whakapono ratou." Ka taea te kite haamana'oraa Whaiaro me ngā uiuinga o te kaituhi i roto i te kiriata motuhenga, 2005 "Fili ratou Freedom", whakahaua e Vladimir Kara-Murza.

whakaaro tōrangapū

Memories me tuhinga kairīpoata Korzhavina kukuwhatanga tonu o ana whakaaro tōrangapū. A, ia ia taitamariki, reira tino paopao te pūnaha Stalinist, i wāhanga wehe i te Māoritanga kominiusi. E hāngai ana te whakapono muri kei i runga i te rerekē i waenganui i te ora tūturu me Communism tūturu. He aha ta te rohi pehe ki whanowhanoā kitea, me te pōuri, te reira i te tamata ia ki te whakatika i kitea Stalin ana mahi tika i muri i te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuarua. Ko reira ngā e tohe enei whakaaro noa i muri i te hopu rongonui. Otiia ia i roto i te whakarau hoki Korzhavin ki Communism, me te makanga o Stalinism.

Ko te kaituhi ia ta e mahue te tokonga hapori reira i roto i 1957. Hoki tenei i tona hekenga ki te United States, ka ko ia i te taha ki matau o te tūāwhiorangi tōrangapū (rite te nuinga o ratere i te Soviet Union). I roto i ona pukapuka, te kaituhi afaro me maia whakahē Communism me ngā puka katoa o te hapori, me hehema pāhoro, me te whakahē Western "hoa o te USSR". hoatu Sam ia he whakamāramatanga o "e mura momo ohaoha ranei ohaoha." kia mohio ki te reira i e i roto i tautohetohe "Russophobes" me "Russophile" ka mau ia ki te tūranga o te muri, te parururaa i te whakarerenga iho o ratou whenua tupu.

Kua i 1990-2000, he ki tonu i te riri, me te faaino o Communism me liberalism tuwhena ana tuhinga. i ki tonu o te morare Karaitiana ana mahi tuhituhi, a ka āhuatanga ahurea Russian tuku iho. tohe ia e me kore tangohia ahurea rahinga engari kounga. Mahi, e kore e whai i te tikanga tangata hohonu, te mea iti taimaha, haunga whakangahau rauemi pānui i roto i te kaukau.

Nahum Korzhavin, he mīharo nei rotarota, ahakoa ko ki te whakahawea whaiāipo me te Five and Seven mo te tangata iti. Ia onoono e hanga papai te hoki te iwi mau a kia tono ki a ratou. he ahurea anake e kua he au maite e taea te whakaaro rite makona i te hiahia toi mo te kaipānui. Ia onoono e te mea kahore he hiahia mo te au maite, ko reira he banal whaiaro ai ta-i roto i te pene. I runga i enei tūranga, anō e ia te faufaa ai'a o te wā o "hiriwa Age". Kua ana fakaangá kitea ki te ara poraka ko A. Ahamatova, engari te nuinga o tona raruraru katoa Brodsky. I roto i tona mahi poto "Genesis" kāhua anticipatory ", te pūrākau o te nui Brodsky ranei" Korzhavin koi whakahē te fifi o te rohi pehe. titau te tuhi Nahum Korzhavina tokanga makehe i faahinaaro me ngā pūkenga o tona mahi. Ka taea te āta kite te reira i roto i te tuhi te mea i he ngakau faufaa te rohipehe.

whānau

wahine tuatahi ko te kaituhi Valentin Mandel, i nei te tamahine Elena. Ko te wahine tuarua o te rohi pehe he philologist True Love, te faaipoiporaa i roa i 1965 ki te 2014, ka tangohia e tau tawhito te ora o te wahine. Kei te mohiotia te reira e, te ora i teie mahana Korzhavin me tana tamahine i roto i Chapel Hill, Te Tai Tokerau Carolina.

hōnore

i tohua Works Korzhavina (Mandel) Naum Moiseevich i roto i te 2006 ki te taonga motuhake "hoki te whakahere hapahapai ki te tuhinga," "Ko e Big Book" tohu. Hoki i roto i te 2016, i whakawhiwhia Mandela te "te Poet" tohu motu.

auahatanga tātari

I roto i tenei kōwae, ka titiro tatou etahi o te rotarota, i hoatu matou Naum Korzhavin. "Ko te Ballad o te kore hītori o te moe" i roto i te ara tino korokē mau a'oraa o te mea i huaina te whakahou Lenin. Ko te tino koi, me te maia i te ruri, ko reira kore maere e kore i whakaaetia te pehe ki te whakaputa. Me kï reira e ko pai te tauhohenga tūmatanui ki tenei mea hanga: ko katoa i roto i te ru, no te mea kua tukua ake e kore tetahi ia na nuitia kata i te mana. O te akoranga, mo tenei Naum Moiseevich haupū koinga tahuri reira ki raruraru nui, engari he tonu nga rārangi ora, a ka kia tai'o e whakatupuranga heke mai, ko wai e mahara i te rārangi Korzhavina tino maia. Ahakoa te meka e tangi rorirori, me te Sapphire te irava tuatahi, i muri i noho tonu pānui etahi "aftertaste" i roto i te kaumatua me te me'a fakamamahi katoa. Ko reira maere e he hāngai hoki te wa katoa he ruri ...

Nahum Korzhavin ( "Mai toku tamarikitanga pai ahau te porotītaha") i tuhituhi kore anake rarangi nui, engari ano hoki atu mārama, me te ohie. I roto i te pehepehe i runga te mea ia ki te kia mea mea banal, a ano ko te tino kite i te mārama kupuroto. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te mahi katoa o te rohi pehe - te kupu ohie, kāhua ohie, engari whakaurua he tikanga hohonu, me te tika i roto i ia rārangi. Aha koki, he aha te ora āhua matatini? He aha tenei katoa, ki te mea i reira he he porotītaha, ki te koutou e taea e whakaoti rapanga te rangimarie me kahore aitua? Me pēhea te ki te hei tangata ngawari, me te atawhai-ngakau i roto i te ao iti o te Soviet Union, a ahakoa ko reira taea i te wa taua noho i te tangata - e te aha homai te pātai e Naum Korzhavin.

"Momo o Nekrasov" Ko te kohinga o o te kaituhi "plexus", i whakaputaina i roto i te tau 1981 i roto i Germany. He aha tatou e utu i taua whakarongo ki te irava iti? Ka rite ki whakahuatia mua, Korzhavin - ko te rohi pehe, i roto i nei e kore e te maha o ngā rārangi, me te pūāhua tākaro tino kahore tūranga. Ka taea e faaoti te reira i te rota o te tikanga i roto i te tumanako "mōkihi" o ratou whakaaro i roto i te waiata ranei. Ko te ruri parau te aamu o te wahine Russian: he kuware, maia me te kaha. I roto i tenei take, tona huru motu ( "mutu te hoiho e takatakahi ana ...") lhianga kataina, e whakaatu ana e te tau haere na, engari kahore e taui. Ko te wahine, ko wai e waiho te kaitiaki o te takuahi o me whakamarie te kāinga, haere tonu ki "mutu nga hoiho, me te haere ki te whare tahu." Kua tēnei irava kua mohio a ki te kia Koinei mahana noa whakarongo wahine, i ko tetahi take ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki to ratou tūranga i roto i te hapori. Taunu me te tapatahi o te kāhua Korzhavina hanga reira māmā ki te pānui i te rotarota, engari etahi pa nga aho o te wairua.

Nahum Korzhavin rotarota tuhituhia e pā ana ki te wahine rawa āta, i mohio pehea pakarukaru, te wahine whakatarapi āhua wahine. I roto i tenei take, e kore e taea te whakawakia reira o he e faahuru reira he whakakitenga meatia o te wahine i roto i tona mahi. e kore e whakamahi i te reira i te mea homai noa tuhituhi ki te he, he whakahe whakama te ira tangata wahine i roto i tetahi ara ranei. Ia anake hāngai ana ki te ngā nui e kia hanga wahine ara ake me te titiro ki tatou i roto i kanohi rerekē. Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich (irava mahara Herzen ko reira te tautoko pai) i roto i tona mahi tuhituhi katoa te maua e te whakaaro pai o te "moe" hei hapori e mangere me te hāngū. Ka taea te kitea i tēnei whakarara i roto i tata nga mahi katoa o te kaituhi.

Ētahi irava o te kaituhi iti āwangawanga taime pukapuka mōna. Hei tauira, te ruri "whakakitea e koe koe ngakau nui fakaongoongolelei'i ..." parau ia hononga o te kaituhi ki tana wahine tuatahi. Ko reira ngā e ahakoa te meka i whawhati ake ratou faaipoiporaa, te tangata ki te here, me te wehi te papānga o tana ex-wahine, ana "kotiro heahea." kihai i Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich aroha rotarota e hiahia ana ki te tuhituhi. Mau, kahore ke i roto i tenei. Otira ara ina tuhituhia e ia e pā ana ki te wahine, he ki tonu i te taua here me ata, te aroha puku, e he ahei o te tangata pai anake ana ngā rārangi. E kore e pera maha rārangi te kaituhi whakatapua ki te whakapakoko o te wahine, engari te hunga rotarota, i whanau nei, tika o te whakamoemiti rawa.

Ko te painga nui o tenei kaituhi ko e ia, pērā tokomaha o ana to'ume'á me matua, rapu ki tino au maite. tuhituhi ia, i roto i te tikanga ki te whakarangatira i te kaipānui, ki te hoatu ki a ia nga peara o whakaaro. e kore ahau e hiahia ki te whakahua i ngā ingoa motuhake, engari he maha kaitito pai-mohiotia, e kua wehi i roto i te ahurea Russian rapu anake whaiaro faaiteraa-. Ka kitea tënei i te meka e ko pinepine whaiaro-kino, kino ratou mahi, me te whakahaweatia wahine. Ahakoa te meka e nona ratou kāhua ataahua me te taranata o te rohi pehe, whakamahia ratou i te reira anake ki te whakaata ratou mata o tirohanga i runga i te ao, i mahi Naum Korzhavin ki te whakaki i te kaipānui ki te marama, me te pūngao. Kōrero e pā ana ki tenei e taea e te tino roa, me te pakeke, engari nui ki te tango i te kohinga o Korzhavina me ētahi atu kaitito (rawa o te "hiriwa Age") me ki whakatairite ratou ake mau mana'o i muri i te tai'oraa o te mau irava i te tokorua. Tenei te he kuware whakamātautau ki te matau i te auraa o te auaha Nahum Korzhavina me hohonu ite tona ao.

Komititanga ake nga hua o tenei tuhinga, e hiahia ana ahau ki te mea i hanga e Korzhavin (Mandel) Naum Moiseevich he koha nui ki te whanaketanga o te tuhinga me te ahurea o ratou whenua tupu. Ko te tangata ki te pukapuka whakapaipai, i haere tona ora katoa i mua noa'tu te aha tenei. Ka rite ki ta tatou ako i te tuhinga, i noho ia i te ora taonga, me te roa, i patua ia i tau ki te tau. Ahakoa whakakorea taime tuhituhi (i te mahi i te reira - he hara), ka taea e koe te faahiahia Korzhavin noa rite te tangata e haere ki te rangatiratanga o te taua ara matatini, me te tataramoa. Ka mau ano ki whakaaro tona taranata tuhituhi me te ahurea tuku iho taonga mō whakatupuranga heke mai, ka taea e tatou te mea e Naum Moiseevich - ko te tangata e e waiho he tauira nui ki te whakatupuranga o muri o te whenua e hiahia ana ki te tupu maia, motuhake, me te noa te iwi tenei.