Papapūata - he aha te mea tenei? whakarōpū o kaiao

Iroriki - Ko te ora iti, rauropi nuinga pūtau-tahi e taea te kite i roto i anake te karu he tika rawa. Ko na iti to ratou rahi e te whanganga i te reira i roto i microns (1 micron = 1/1000 mm), ranei ara nanometers (1nm = 1/1000 mm).

He aha te ako koiora

huaina Microbiology pūtaiao e tūhura ana i te whānuitanga o te ora koiora: hanganga, mahi, huru o te ora, te whanaketanga me te whakaputa uri.

Ko te tangata tuatahi nei i taea ki te kite me te whakaahua i huakita, ko te Dutchman A. Leeuwenhoek. I te ra i te rau tau 17, hanga ana e ia he arotahi whakanui te whakapakoko, ko te neke atu i te 200 ngā wā. I miharo te reira e te mea ka kite ia i roto i a ratou e papapūata - ko te ao me ona ake āhuatanga o oraraa. Ko te kupu i whakatakotoria te turanga o te pūtaiao hou - koiora. kitea Leeuwenhoek papapūata whakaahua, me te whakaahuatia. Photos me ngā pikitia ki to ratou ahua o aua wa - hua whakaahuatia i roto i te karu.

momo koiora

Ko faahiahia kanorau rave rahi o ngā momo koiora. Papapūata - te rau ingoa poto o te momo tino rerekē. rerekē ratou i roto i te ahua, hanganga, tikanga o te ora, te kaha ki te whakaputa uri. Wehewehe papapūata kore-pūtau, multicellular me te rauropi pūtau. Photos me ratou mātakitaki āwhina ki ngāwari ana ki ia takitahi ki te momo ngā. Ko te whakarōpū o papapūata :

• huakita;
• huaketo;
• phages;
• harore;
• microalgae;
• pūtau-;
• rewena.

huakita

He wāhanga katoa o Microbiology - bacteriology - oroko ake he ao nui o huakita - rauropi prokaryotic. Mai i eukaryotic (multicellular, hātare, pükohu, harore) e te āhuatanga e te kore o te chlorophyll, tukuna te karihi ki te rauemi ira me organelles. E kore te mea tamau te rahi o te huakita, kia rerekē ai i runga i te taiao o waho (i 0.1 ki te 28 microns) rānei. Ko te whakarōpū tino rongonui o huakita - i runga i te hanganga morphological.

cocci

Huaina huakita cocci porohita, e taea te tango i te porohita, pīni, porotītaha lanceolate ranei.

1. kia whakanohoia ai Micrococci tetahi i tetahi, i roto i takirua matapōkeretia ranei. He huaina saprophytes ratou, ora i roto i te wai, me te rangi.
2. Diplokokki tā mā te wehewehe i roto i te manureva taua i runga i te mongamonga rua. Ko ētahi o ēnei meningococcus (meningitis pāpāho) me gonococci.
3. Streptococci rite wehea i roto i te manureva taua, ko te mekameka katoa. Mohiotia pathogenic mo nga momo rauropi tangata tuku e te angina me erysipelas teitei.
4. whakaritea Tetrakokki i roto i rua nga wahi i runga i rua rererangi hāngai. Ko te tino onge mau taata kapo.
5. He āhuatanga o te pūtau pēre te harariu ki 8, 16, neke atu rānei i roto i toru rererangi tahitia hāngai. Tata e ora anake katoa o ratou māngai i roto i te rangi.
6. Ka taea e Staphylococci te ngā wā kotahi i roto i te maha o ngā rererangi whakaritea matapōkeretia ki te faatura ki ia atu i roto i te ahua rite tautau o karepe.

tokotoko-āhua

He nui ake noa i roto i te tahi atu momo microorganisms porotakaroa. E wehea ratou ki huakita he kore kaha ki te sporulate (diphtheria, te koripi, kohi, partifoznaya, Escherichia coli) me te Bacillus ahei o pua whakaputa (Anthrax, he tarutaru, timu, hāorakore). Whakarōpū i te wehewehe tikanga:

• Diplobakterii, diplobatsilly rerekē i roto i te whakaritenga i roto i te kotahi manureva e rua anake ngā pūtau (kakā).
• Streptobakterii, streptobatsilly i roto i te wehenga noho i te waka rererangi kotahi i runga i nei hanga he mekameka (Anthrax).
• Kua whakaritea te nuinga o nga papapūata porotakaroa haphazardly i runga i te takitahi kotahi.

crimped

kia tango papapūata Crimped te puka o te piko, cholerae reira (hei tauira, korara). Spirilla whai i te torutoru curls, spirochete - he rakau angiangi miro (pakewakewa).

He mea nui te reira ki te mōhio e nga iroriki katoa me huakita he Polymorphic, to ratou te kaha ahurei ki te huri i tona āhua i raro i te mana o te momo o ngā āhuatanga:. te taiao o waho, te pāmahana, kawatanga me pera i runga i Ko tenei kaha ko te pūtake o maha rangahau taiwhanga o papapūata, e hāngai ana ki te whanaketanga o ngā rongoā e ka āwhina i roto i te heke mai ki te mahi ki te huakita pathogenic tangata.

wheori

Wheori - he hapori nui o papapūata e rerekē i te ētahi atu rite te kore o te hanganga pūtau iho. Mai i āhuatanga mahinga iti atu i te huakita, i 5 ki te 150 nm. Hei kite ratou, he mea e tika ana ki te whakaturia ake te karu whārahi irahiko i te taumata teitei o te tika. Te nuinga o ngā māngai microorganisms viral ngā anake o te pūmua, me te waikawa karihi (tuipūmua, DNA).

Ētahi huakita me huaketo ko nga āpiha fakatupu o maha mate nui te tangata (rewharewha, kakā, karawaka). I tua atu, i reira he momo pathogenic mō kararehe (whiu, waewae, me te mate mangai).

Mycophagous - wheori, harore. Bacteriophages - wheori, huakita, e kitea e ratou tata nga wahi katoa te wahi i reira he i te iti rawa etahi ora. Ētahi phages i te āheinga tino whai hua - ki te whakangaro i pūtau koiora, na maha whakamahia i roto i te hanga o te medicament mo te ārai me te maimoatanga o mate o ngā momo.

Ricketts - he ahua motuhake o te huakita e taea te pēnei ki te huakita e rua, me te ki wheori. Tenei tokotoko ta'e ngāue pirinoa intracellular hē o hanga pua capsules ranei.

harore

Tenei chlorophyll microorganisms tipu kore motuhake me te kaha ki te synthesize matū organic. Ano, Me to ratou oraraa rite mea organic, na tata katoa o ratou tupu i runga i te pūtake o te substrates o te take mai rerekē. He etahi pathogenic ki te tangata, te kararehe me te tipu momo o te harore.

rerekē Fungi i huakita no te mea e rite atu ki whakatokia whai te karihi me vacuoles ratou pūtau. E te aroaro ratou i roto i te puka o te weuweu - kakawaea roa e kia tupu ake me te tu'ati ki ia atu.

Ka taea e Fungi tā i roto i te maha o ngā huarahi: i wehenga vegetative, tōkai me te takoto - te hanganga o pua. He tino ātete pua fungal, ka taea e ratou ora i te wa roa i roto i te taiao rerekē, me te whakatere i te wa ano i runga i tawhiti nui rite te roa rite kore e taka ki roto ki te reo te wahi e hohoro puta ratou ki weuweu.

Pakete e kitea rawa maha tatou, e taea e ratou te ngāwari kitea ki te kanohi tahanga i runga i te hua pupuri-kai. titiro ratou rite te tae pāhiwihiwi tohu cheesy. Kei reira ētahi momo o harore e kore e e pahua tika nga hua hua ratou paitini mō te tangata me te kararehe mitoksin pērā i Aspergillus Fusarium ranei.

Heoi, e kore e tonu harore kino, kua pai whakamahia ratou āhuatanga whai hua maha e kaihanga o ngā rongoā. Ko te rongoā paturopi paturopi whai hua tino me rongonui whakaputaina e te harore o te momo Penicillium.

Actinomycetes - Tiro makehe o microorganisms, e kua he hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o huakita me te tikanga whakaputa uri harore rite.

rewena

Tenei papapūata rahi rauropi pūtau ta'e ngāue o 10 ki te 15 microns, e taea e porohita, porotītaha, porotakaroa i roto i wā onge me te pewa āhua. He rite i roto i te hanganga ki roto i te miru me karihi harore rewena. tikanga ka taea o te uri - wehenga, hua ranei e totohe. whakawhanake ratou tere i roto i te oneone, mo te kai, otaota. kai mata rewena arahi ki to ratou FERMENTATION me acidification. FERMENTATION waipiro liliu te huka ki te waipiro, whakatakotoria te tukanga i te pūtake mo te ahumahi waipiro me te wäina kāinga.

He pathogenic ki ngā momo tinana tangata. Hei tauira, he ahua tika noa o te Candida rewena whakatairanga mate kino - candidiasis.

papapūata painga i roto i te tinana tangata

kapi ana te tinana tangata te Tiriona o huakita rerekē, e taea e rua kino, me te painga. He huakita e he faufaa mo te mahi noa o to tatou tinana. Ko te katoa taimaha o te huakita i roto i te tangata pakeke kia rite tiketike rite 4 kg, ki ¾ o ratou noho i roto i to tatou punuatuna. Ko te ētahi atu tupu i roto i te papa pūnaha, kiri, me te mucosal urogenital. Te mea faahiahia, kapi te tinana o te tamaiti e microorganisms kē i roto i te tukanga o tona whanautanga, me ki te 10 nga tau o microflora intestinal te kua tino i hanga. He tino kino mo nga tamariki ētahi papapūata, na te tuatahi o nga tau o te ora me kia akuaku tinana o te tamaiti tino tupato.

He aha e papapūata noho i roto i te punuatuna:

• lactobacilli;
• bifidobacteria;
• streptococci;
• enterobacteria;
• harore;
• pūtau-;
• huaketo.

Ko te whakamahi o huakita ki te tangata

1. Ki te enterobacteria rauropi huaora tāpuekina B, C, ko K, Huapeka me te waikawa folic.
2. Unsplit te āwhina ngaungau kai.
3. Pupuritia katote me te wai-tote pākia.
4. Tautāwhi i te tupu o microorganisms pathogenic.
5. Āwhina mau tonu te mate.
6. Whakawhanake taputapu lymphoid.
7. Te whakaiti tūtohutanga o te taiepa intestinal ki ngā hua carcinogenic.
8. Whakanuia ātete ki wheori.
9. Mātātoa te whai wāhi i roto i te pauna wera.

Bifidobacteria me te lactobacilli noho neke atu i te hawhe o te microflora intestinal, te tākaro ratou he wāhi nui i roto i te ora o te tangata hauora:

1. waikawa lactic me tāpia hua ki te whai wāhitanga o enei microorganisms e taea ki te hanga i tētahi taiao taua i roto i te punuatuna, e kore e taea e ora i papapūata mate-meinga.
2. Bifidobacteria - antihistamine tūturu Kōpeke tauhohe mate pāwera i roto i te tinana.
3. E ratou he pānga antioxidant me te aro ki te tupu o ngā pūtau puku.
4. Kei te mātātoa te whai wāhi bifidobacteria i te whanaketanga o te huaora B
5. Bifidobacteria me tokoni lactobacilli ki te whakapiki ake i te ōrau o whakawhenumi o te tangata o te rino, te konupūmā me te huaora D.

Ko te uara mō te papapūata māori

Bacteria kei roto whākōkī ammonifying whai wāhi hihiri ki te tukanga o te pirau o nga toenga o te tangata, kararehe, ngā tipu, me te ururua kai. I roto i whāwehe pūmua i roto i te huru ko te tino nui hau tohaina: te haukini me te hauota, e he faufaa mō te tangata, te kararehe me te tipu.

Urobakterii taea ki te hanehane Urea whakaputaina rā e ia tangata, me te mōkai. Na tenei, ratau kore he iti iho i te 55 miriona toni ia tau,.

Papapūata taea o kapo hauota, oxidized haukini te. whai wāhi Denitrifying microorganisms ki te tukunga i te oneone o te hāora rāpoi.

Waro - tetahi o nga pūhui pūtau tino nui o te ao o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe. Te muka, e kai maha kararehe, kei te rota o te waro. I roto i to ratou puku te whakamahi i te reira i te huakita cellulose rewena me rau te whakawairakau hoki ki te taiao. Ko te kupu, e tango te whenua te pararopi, riro te reira nui atu hua, ka kukū te huru e ki te hauhā.

Ko te kupu, huakita me iroriki - ko te wahi tino nui o katoa te ao ora tenei. Rota o te huakita whai hua tonu haere tahi te tangata puta noa i te ora, me te tiaki i to matou tinana i awenga e hiahiatia waho. He mea tino nui e kore e ki te whakakorikoria te toenga i ahuareka ai, me te he pakarukaru i waenganui painga me microorganisms pathogenic.