Pūmua: tūranga koiora. Ko te tūranga koiora o te pūmua i roto i te tinana

Pūmua, ka kia kōrero te tūranga koiora o e teie mahana - hangaia o pūhui nui-rāpoi o ngā waikawa amino. I roto i te tahi atu ngā pūhui matū waro katoa, he ratou i roto i te matatini tino i roto i to ratou hanganga. Na roto i te timatanga pūmua hanganga rerekē i te ngako, me te warowaihā: i roto i te tua ki te hāora, hauwai me te waro i roto i hoki ratou hauota. I roto i te tua ei tuhaa faufaa rahi o pūmua tino nui, he whanariki, me te konutawa, rino, me te ūkuikui i roto i etahi.

Ko te tūranga koiora o te pūmua he tiketike rawa. Ko reira kia enei hononga ake he wahi nui o te papatipu o te protoplasm, me te karihi o ngā pūtau ora. kararehe me te tipu rauropi katoa he pūmua.

Kotahi rave rahi ngā mahi ranei

Ko te tūranga koiora me mahi o te pūhui rerekē ona he rerekē. Ka rite ki te taonga he hanganga matū motuhake, mahi ia pūmua mahi tino motuhake. Anake i roto i ētahi wā ka taea e te mahi i te reira e rave rahi te kōtuitui. Hei tauira, epinephrine, hua nei i roto i te medulla adrenal, tomo te toto, faarahi te pēhanga toto me te kohi hāora, te huka toto. I tua atu, ko reira he stimulant o pākia, i nga kararehe matao-toto - ko te takawaenga o te pūnaha io. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, mahi reira maha mahi i kotahi.

Ko te enzymatic (catalytic) mahi

Maha tauhohe matüora tupu i roto i ngā kaiao ora, kua kawea i roto i raro i ngā āhuatanga ngawari, i raro i te mea tata ki te 40 ° C te pāmahana, me te pH tata kūpapa. I raro i enei tikanga, auau hokiate o takanga o tokomaha o ratou. Na reira, i roto i te tikanga ki te kia mohio, e hiahia ana matou whākōkī - motuhake kaiwhakakökï koiora. Tata nga tauhohe katoa, ki te kahore hoki te photolysis o te wai i roto i te kaiao ora e catalyzed e whākōkī reira. Enei huānga Ko rānei pūmua ranei complexes pūmua ki cofactor (muingota organic ranei te katote konganuku). He tino whiriwhiri whākōkī triggering tukanga e tika ana. Ko te kupu, ko te mahi catalytic, kōrero i runga, - kotahi o te hunga e kawe pūmua. Ko te tūranga koiora o enei pūhui, Heoi, e kore e iti tona whakatinanatanga. He maha atu āhuatanga e e ka kōrerohia i raro.

mahi waka

Hoki te oraraa o te pūtau titau e te plurality o matū ki te roto o reira, e whakarato i te reira ki te rauemi pūngao, me te whare. E hanga kiriuhi koiora katoa i runga i te parau tumu noa. Tenei kahu rua o lipids, i haponohia pūmua i roto i te reira. I te wa ano arotahi pae macromolecules hydrophilic i runga i te mata membrane me i te matotoru o ratou - "hiku" hydrophobic. Ko rānei i ki te wāhanga nui tenei hanganga: waikawa amino, huka, katote konganuku alkali. Ko te kătahi o enei āhuatanga ki te pūtau puta mā e tāmau pūmua waka i roto i te membrane pūtau. I roto i te huakita, hei tauira, i reira te mea he pūmua motuhake e whakarato ana te whakawhitinga o te reihuka (waiu huka) i roto i te membrane waho.

I roto i ngā kaiao multicellular, i reira te mea he pūnaha o waka o matū rerekē i tetahi okana ki tetahi. Kei te korero tatou matua e pā ana ki pūtoto (whakaahua i runga ake). I roto i te wē toto, i roto i te tua, ko reira tonu albumin serum (he pūmua waka). He te kaha ki te hanga i complexes pūmau i hanga ki te nakunaku o waikawa ngako fatty, me te ki he maha o waikawa hydrophobic amino (hei tauira, tryptophan) me te maha taero (etahi penicillins, sulfonamides, ahipirini). Transferrin, e whakarato ana waka i roto i te tinana o nga katote rino, ko tetahi tauira. kia hanga whakahua me tseruplazmin e mauranga katote parahi. Na, ka titiro matou ki te mahi waka e mahi pūmua. He tino nui to ratou tūranga koiora me i tenei wāhi o te tirohanga.

mahi receptor

Ko o faufaa nui receptors Pūmua, ngā ki te noho tuwhera tonu o te kaiao multicellular. E integrated ratou ki te wē membrane pūtau me mahi ki te kapo me te huringa atu o nga tohu e tomo te pūtau. I roto i tenei take kia tohu rānei i te tahi atu pūtau me te taiao e karapoti ana. receptors acetylcholine i te kau i te tino ako. E kitea ratou i roto i te maha o ngā hoapā interneuron i runga i te membrane pūtau, tae atu i te hononga uauaio i roto i te uho kaka. Ēnei pūmua taunekeneke ki acetylcholine me te tuku i te tohu i roto i te pūtau.

Neurotransmitter mō te fariiraa i te tohu, me te tahuri me te kia nekehia atu te reira i roto i te tikanga ki te faaineine i te pūtau i taea ki te kite i te atu tohu. Hoki tenei whakaaro, acetylcholinesterase - whākōkī motuhake, i te mea he whakakōkī mo te tauhohenga wai o acetylcholine ki Matuorakouawai me tāpia. Ehara i te mea he mahi tino nui, me te receptor e rave pūmua? Ko te tūranga koiora o te whai, he nui te mahi tiaki mo te tinana. Ki tenei noa e kore e taea e whakaae.

mahi paruru-

pahono pūnaha ārai o te tinana ki te ahua o te whakatupuranga o matūriki ke o te maha nui o lymphocytes. E ahei o hoko nga huānga tīpakongia ratou. kia ēnei matūriki ke pūtau mate pukupuku, huakita pathogenic matūriki supramolecular (macromolecules, wheori, me ētahi atu). lymphocytes B - te rōpū o lymphocytes, e hua pūmua motuhake. E kitea ana ēnei pūmua i roto i te pūnaha circulatory. E mōhio ana rātou matūriki ke, ko te kupu hanga he whakangaromanga taahiraa matatini tino motuhake. E kīia ēnei pūmua ki rite immunoglobulins. He antigens tuku ki matū ke e tīmata te whakautu pūnaha ārai mate.

mahi hanganga

Ano e hoki pūmua e mahi mahi tino motuhake te hunga i reira hanganga nuinga te uara. Ngā mihi ki a ratou, ngā te kaha mīhini, me te tahi atu āhuatanga o te kopa o kaiao ora. Ko ētahi o ēnei pūmua, matua collagen. Collagen (whakaahua cm. Raro) i roto i te kararehe, ko te pā ana ki te hauwhā o te pūmua papatipu. Kei te synthesized te reira i roto i te pūtau matua e hanga ake te kiko tūhonohono (i huaina fibroblasts).

I te tīmatanga, i hanga te collagen te rite procollagen - tona kawainga e rerengia ana maimoatanga matū i roto i fibroblasts. Na ka te hanga e te reira ki toru he mekameka polypeptide, whiri ki te tōrino. Kua huihui mai ratou i roto i o fibroblasts i te collagen fibrils o te torutoru rau nanometers te whānui. Ko te whakamutunga i whai ahua ai te kakawaea collagen, taea kua e te kitea i raro i te karu. Ko te kopa rapa (taiepa pūkahukahu, te oko toto i roto i te kiri) wahopūtau collagen kopu i roto i te tua, kei hoki te elastin pūmua. Ka taea te totoro te reira i roto i te whānuitanga tika whanui, me te ka hoki ki tona āhua taketake. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te pūmua hanganga e taea hoatu konei - he hiraka fibroin. Kei te taratahi te reira i roto i te hanganga o te anuhe purehurehu kokuhu. Ko te reira i te wāhanga matua o te hiraka miro. whakaahua tatou inaianei nga pūmua nekeneke.

nekeneke pūmua

A i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te nekeneke tukanga tūranga nui koiora o pūmua. korero poto e pā ana ki tenei me o ratou mahi. Uaua hukihuki - ko te tukanga i roto i nei te tahuri pūngao matū ki te mahi hangarau. He hāngai ona ngā mema e rua pūmua - myosin me actin. Myosin he hanganga rawa rerekē. Kei te hanga e te reira o rua upoko flare me hiku (roa wahi filamentary). Tata 1600 nm ko te roa o tetahi rāpoi ngota. I upoko hautau kupu whakaaro, mo e pā ana ki 200 nm.

Actin (whakaahua i runga ake) - te pūmua flare he taimaha o 42000. rāpoi taea e te reira polymerized ki te hanga i te hanganga roa, a ka taunekeneke i roto i te ara taua ki te matenga o te myosin. He āhuatanga nui o tenei tukanga - tona fakafalala ki te aroaro o ATP. Ki te he feunga nui tona kukū, kua ngaro myosin i hanga, me te actin matatini, ka kua whakahokia mai te reira ano i muri tupu ATP paparetanga rite ki te hua o myosin ATPase. Ka taea te kite i tēnei tukanga, hei tauira, i roto i te otinga, ai e kitea pūmua e rua. riro te reira i Kaore rite ki te hua o te meka i hanga e tiketike matatini taimaha rāpoi i roto i te ngaro o ATP. I tua atu nui reira te whakaiti te pokey tika ki te whakangaromanga o te matatini hanga, i muri nei āta reira tīmata ki te ora i rite ki te hua o ATP paparetanga. I roto i te tukanga o te uaua hukihuki, te tākaro he wāhi tino nui ēnei taunekeneke.

paturopi

tonu tatou ki te whakaatu i te kaupapa "Ko te tūranga koiora o te pūmua i roto i te tinana." rōpū Tino nui, me te tino nui o te pūhui tūturu he matū i huaina paturopi. Ko ratou o te take mai koiora. E tohaina ēnei matū momo motuhake o microorganisms. Ko te tūranga koiora o waikawa amino me pūmua he te whakakorekore, engari paturopi i te, mahi motuhake rawa nui. tautāwhi ratou te tupu o microorganisms e whakataetae ki a ratou. I roto i te 1940, kua revolutionized te kitenga me te whakamahi o paturopi te maimoatanga o mate hopuhopu meinga e te huakita. kia reira kia tuhia e i roto i nuinga o te wā e kore e nga paturopi huaketo mahi, na te whakamahi o ratou rite taero patu huaketo he hua.

tauira o paturopi

rōpū rongoā paturopi i tuatahi hoatu ki mahi. Tauira o tenei rōpū ko ampicillin me benzylpenicillin. Paturopi i runga i te huarahi o te mahi me te matū āhua kanorau. Etahi o te hunga e whānui i whakamahia tenei ra, te taunekeneke ki ribosomes tangata, i roto i ribosomes kitakita leva kōtuitanga pūmua. I te wa ano e kore ratou e taunekeneke ki ribosomes eukaryotic. Na reira, hoki te pūtau kitakita e whakarihariha ratou, me te kararehe, me te tangata tāoke iti. Taua paturopi ngā streptomycin me chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol).

Ko te tūranga koiora o te kōtuitanga pūmua he tino nui, engari he te tukanga iho e rave rahi ngā wāhanga. Ka kōrero tatou e pā ana ki reira anake i roto i ngā whānui.

Ko te tukanga me te tūranga koiora o te pūmua biosynthesis

Tenei tukanga Ko te multistage, rawa matatini. Puta te reira i roto i te ribosomes - organelles motuhake. I roto i te whare herehere i reira ko te huinga o ribosomes. I roto i te E. coli, hei tauira, i reira e pā ana ki 20 mano.

"Te whakaahua i te tukanga o te pūmua biosynthesis me tūranga koiora" - he mahi tokomaha o tatou riro i roto i te kura. A meinga ana e ia maha fifi. Well, kia kitea a i roto i tahi.

rāpoi Pūmua he mekameka polypeptide. ngā ratou, kia rite ki a koutou kua mohio, i te waikawa amino takitahi. Heoi, e kore e kaha te whakamutunga nui. I roto i te tikanga ki te hono me te hanga i te muingota o te pūmua, e rapu ratou whakahohenga. puta te reira i rite ki te hua o whākōkī motuhake. Ia waikawa amino i roto i tenei take he ona ake whākōkī, āta faata'i rite ki reira. Ko te puna o te pūngao mō tenei tukanga ko ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Ko te waikawa amino hua i te whakahohenga riro atu labile, me te herea i raro i te mahi o te pūmua whākōkī ki m-RNA, e waha ana te reira ki te ribosome (no o tenei tuipūmua i huaina waka). Te ribosome, Na, mahi tūhono ki whakahohe tRNA waikawa amino. Ribosome - he ahua o te ara nekeneke mo whakaminenga o te waikawa amino hou o te mekameka pūmua.

Synthesis o te tūranga ko te uaua o te pūmua ki pe si◊aki, rite pūhui synthesized mahi mahi tino nui. Tata ki te katoa ngā hanganga pūtau ngā o ratou.

Na, kua whakaahuatia matou i roto i ngā whānui, te tukanga o te pūmua biosynthesis me tūranga koiora. te mutunga tenei o te mōhio ki te pūmua. Te ti'aturi nei tatou i te hiahia ki te haere tonu i te reira i a koutou.