Rāpoi tikanga rangahau koiora me ratou whakamahinga

Rāpoi koiora tikanga rangahau whai wāhi nui i roto i te rongoā hou, te pūtaiao whare whakawā, me te koiora. Ngā mihi ki mua i roto i te ako o te DNA ko RNA, taea ki te tūhura i te genome o te kaiao whakatau te kaihoko pūtake, ki te mohio ki te waikawa karihi e hiahiatia ana i roto i te ranunga o ngā waikawa, me ētahi atu i te tangata, ko te

tikanga rāpoi-koiora. He aha te mea te reira?

Hoki i nga 70-80s o te pūtaiao ko te tuatahi ki te kīa te genome tangata. hoatu tenei hui whanaketanga ki te whanaketanga o te engineering ira, me te koiora rāpoi. Kua auraa Ako o ngā āhuatanga o te te DNA me te RNA e ko te reira i teie nei e taea ki te whakamahi i enei waikawa karihi mō te whakaaro o te mate tātaritanga, ira ako.

Takanga o te DNA me te RNA

Rāpoi koiora tikanga tātaritanga hiahia tīmata rauemi: maha tenei waikawa karihi. He maha ngā huarahi ki te tīpako i enei matū i te pūtau o kaiao ora. Ia He ona huapai me ngā huakore, a kia whakaaro reira ka kōwhiri i te tikanga o te faatea ia waikawa karihi i roto i te puka parakore.

1. Te faaineineraa o te DNA i Marmur. Kei roto i te tikanga i roto i penei i te ranunga o matū waipiro, tīwharawhara hua DNA parakore. Ko te mate o tenei tikanga ko te whakamahi o matū ha'iriiri, phenol me te chloroform.

2. Te whakawehenga o te DNA i runga i te kotokoto. Ko te taonga matua whakamahia e te konei - he guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN). whakatairanga te reira i te waipara o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic i runga i substrates motuhake, i nei e taea te muri kohia reira e te tikanga o te moka motuhake. Heoi GuSCN - ko te inhibitor o te TCP, ka takoto tae noa he wahi iti o taua tangata i roto i te DNA taea whakaawe i te akoranga o te tauhohe polymerase chain, i te mea nui, ka mahi ki te waikawa karihi.

3. whakauruhi o poke. rerekē te tikanga i te hunga o mua i roto i taua nga rāpoi ngota e kore e ratou takoto waikawa dehoksiribonukleinovoy me poke. Ki te mahi i tenei, te whakamahi i nga rangatira katote. Ko te ngoikoretanga Ko e taea kore matū katoa noho.

4. Mass āta. whakamahia tēnei tikanga i roto i te wā, no te kore koe e hiahia ana ki te whai mōhiohio tika e pā ana ki te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota pītauira, me te hiahia ki te tiki i te tahi mau tatauranga. Ko te take e taea te pakaru te hanganga waikawa karihi ka maminga ki teretere, ngā alkalies.

Whakarōpū o tikanga rangahau

E wehea tikanga rāpoi-koiora katoa o te rangahau ki ngā rōpū matua e toru:

1. Amplification (mā te whakamahi i te plurality o whākōkī). Kei roto i tēnei PCR - polymerase chain reaction, e whai wāhi nui i roto i tokomaha o nga tikanga tātaritanga.

2. Neamplifikatsionnye. e pā ana tenei rōpū o tikanga e tika ki te mahi o ngā ranunga waikawa karihi. Tauira e 3 momo kaimuru, i roto i te situ hybridization, me ētahi atu

3. Ngaa tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i te aronga o te tohu i te rāpoi ngota uiuia ai, e herea ki te DNA RNA ranei uiuia motuhake. Tauira - pūnaha hybridization Hybride otinga Pūnaha Hopu (hc2).

Whākōkī e taea te whakamahi i roto i rāpoi tikanga rangahau koiora

He maha ngā tūāhua tātaritanga rāpoi whai wāhi te whakamahi o te whānuitanga o whākōkī. Kei raro e whakamahia tino maha:

1. rāhuitanga whākōkī - "tapahia" te rāpoi ngota pītauira ki te wahi e tika ana.

2. DNA polymerase - synthesizes te rāpoi ngota waikawa deoxyribonucleic rua-paea.

3. transcriptase whakamuri (whakamuri transcriptase) - whakamahia ki te synthesize DNA i te tātauira RNA.

4. DNA ligase - he kawenga mo te hanganga o te phosphodiester here i waenganui i nucleotides.

5. exonuclease - tango nucleotides i te wahi mutunga o te rāpoi ngota waikawa deoxyribonucleic.

PCR - te tikanga taketake o te DNA amplification

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Kei te whānui whakamahia i roto i te koiora rāpoi hou. Tenei tikanga, i roto i nei e taea te whiwhi he rāpoi ngota pītauira kotahi he maha nui o kape (te faananea- raa rāpoi ngota).

Ko te mahi matua o PCR:

- tātaritanga o mate;

- te pūrua wāhanga DNA, Gene.

Hei kawe i titau i te tauhohenga polymerase chain te huānga e whai ake nei: rāpoi ngota pītauira tuatahi, he polymerase DNA thermostable (taq Pfu ranei), phosphates deoxyribonucleotide (puna o nga turanga hauota), te primers (2 tämata 1 DNA muingota) me ano he pūnaha moka e ai whakahaere tauhohe katoa.

ngā o toru kaupae PCR: denaturation, kōpeke ana tämata me te elongation.

1. denaturation. I te pāmahana o 94-95 degrees proshodit whati i te here hauwai i waenganui i nga mekameka e rua o DNA, ka rite ki te hua tiki tatou e rua rāpoi kotahi-paea.

2. primers annealed. I te pāmahana o 50-60 nekehanga centigrade puta primers rironga i te pito o ngā rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi kotahi-paea rite ki te momo o te kïnakitanga.

3. elongation. I te pāmahana o 72 nekehanga te tamahine synthesized paea rua rāpoi waikawa deoxyribonucleic.

whakaraupapa DNA

maha rapu rāpoi tikanga rangahau koiora matauranga o te raupapa o nucleotides i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic. Hei whakatau i te waehere ira raupapa. Ka hāngai tātaritanga rāpoi o te heke mai i runga i te matauranga riro i roto i te faaotiraa o te raupapa tangata.

Ko nga momo e whai ake nei o te whakaraupapa:

• whakaraupapa i te Maxam-Gilbert;
• Sanger whakaraupapa;
• pyrosequencing;
• nanoporovoe whakaraupapa.