Tikanga Zemsky - te tinana pokapū o te whakahaere kāwanatanga. kia Zemsky: whakaahuatanga me te hītori

I muri i te wā o Great distemper mana whakaora āta whenua Vladimir me Moscow. pakanga maha, me te mea insurgencies o te mua, kua ähuareka te whenua, a riro kaha autocracy tsarist. tahi mana whakapakari i i te taha o te roha o te mana whakahaere, i roto nei ko Zemsky tikanga - te mana kāwanatanga pokapū, me te tinana aroturuki.

Ko te whakahua tuatahi

I roto i te Time o akina, kahore nui kāwanatanga e kore e te tīariari mana. Kua te rohe katoa o Russia kua pakaru. Ko te hua āta i roto i te mana o te rangatiratanga Moscow arahina ki te roha o te whenua e hinga ki raro i te mana o te rangatira Moscow, a na reira e hiahiatia ana e ia, me te ake pokapū whakahaere whenua.

Ka rite ki te whare motuhake i whakahuatia tuatahi kia Zemsky i roto i ngā tuhinga i roto i 1564, ahakoa etahi kaimahi nei i huaina zemstvo diakono i whakamana ratou mau ohipa mai 1500. Ko te putanga o tinana centralized o nga whenua Russian Poari ta te mana vaivai o te kāhui rangatira, me te boyar, e whakakaha ana i te kāwanatanga pokapū. Zemsky Sobor -ture, me te whakahaere: me whakahau e rua peka o te mana i ngā. huihui te kaunihera tuatahi i roto i te rangatiratanga Ivana Groznogo i 1549 me hāngai ki te whakahōhā koi o te pakanga te "raro", me te "tihi" o te wa, e faaite ake i roto i te pane o te whenua Russian, a ki runga ki te waho o rangatiratanga. History te karanga i Zemsky Sobor e rua rau tau. Mua, ko te whakatū me whakahau e i rave i roto i te ruma e rua: ko te tuatahi haere ki nunui, rangatira, kaitiaki taonga me kaiwhakainu, te tuarua - te boyars 'tamariki, nga kawana, nga rangatira, me te rangatira.

Ko te hanganga o te Order Porowini

Ko te nuinga o nga rangatira o te whenua o te tikanga i karapoti te upoko, i whakaritea i te rangatira rohe. arahina ratou kaitiaki huarahi, kaikopere me Carriers. E ngohengohe ana ki kalake ripekapeka, e te mana kuwaha rehea ara o Moscow koroheke, yarygi ano ratou - kawenga mō te horoi hīkoi me ngā te pa, e mahi ana i te momo o ngā mahi.

Kawenga o te Order Porowini

kia Zemsky ki te mahi i ana mau ohipa i runga i te pūtake o maha tikanga me whakahau o nga mana. Kua panaia ona rangatira ngā kalaké terenga me tretnikov - proteges boyars me rangatira. I roto i te mau ohipa matua o nga rangatira o te tikanga, ko:

• whenua rohe raro ratou mana whakahaere, te whakahaere tāone;
• kohinga takoha;
• ture me te ture ki nga akomanga o raro o te taupori;
• uruhi ture, ahi whawhai;
• whawhai kormchestvom, brothels me petipeti.

Ko te taumata whānui o te whanaketanga o Moscow ko te pa wharekarakia angamaheni: ara kuiti, ururua tanumia, puranga o whakawairakau i runga i nga ara me he fuu te piro. No te wiki me hararei whakamātau ki te kawe kia ki nga ara o Moscow, te āhua o te piriti, a St. Nicholas Butcher Street, e maha peia te kingi, e tautokona ana e tata tano. I muri mai, kua katoa te mahi paru kua tukua ki nga tangata o te whenua iti - yaryzhnyh. I whakahau ano ratou ki te horoi i te ara, tango poke, ki te mahi i roto i te tēpara o rangatira rangatira.

mahi pirihimana Moscow

tikanga Zemsky ki te utu mo te mahi o nga pirihimana Moscow, i te kawenga mō te tukanga, me te ārai i hara iti. kihai i nui te whakahaere o te kaimahi. whiriwhiria Head o te tari pirihimana i karapoti te upoko, i te mea te tari, a ka tohaina tari iti. No te tauturu i tu kaikopere matenga me te mea ripekapeka kalake. i te tangata taonga ratou ake marae, me te tūhuratanga ratonga haumaru, me te tata kore whakapā ki te pirihimana.

whakahaere Development Zemsky

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 17 i wehea Zemsky kia ki e rua marae mataeinaa, i kingi i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē e rua o Moscow. Ko te tokomaha o ngā āpiha nei i mahi i roto i te whakahau, whakawhānui ona mahi. Kua te pepa katoa kua wehea ki "kaipuke" me "moni" tepu. I roto i ngā pukapuka tomo i pitihana, hihiritanga, me whāngai i muri i whakaaro i te whakatau.

I muri i te innovations o Pita ahau, i runga i te ara Pākehā o te ora, i whakakorea te tikanga me te Zemsky Sobor. Ko te Tāhuhu me te Poari i whai ahua e tauira Pākehā uru. E i tukua e ratou ki te fatongia ki te mahi ki te kāwanatanga tawhito.

ake anō Zemstva

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19, te heke o te pūnaha ngā o takoha Tsar Alexander II whakahounga mo hanganga kāwanatanga. Ko tētahi o te tuatahi i haere te whakahou o te rohe whaiaro kāwanatanga-, i roto i nei i homai mana rohe i atu mana, me te wahi e taea ki te hanga whakatau motuhake.

I tenei wa, whakaarahia reira te take o te maimoatanga o te käinga, me te tīmata i te hōtaka "tākuta Zemsky". Kua arahina Order o te whakarato o te tiaki hauora ki te koki topito o kaiwhakaako te whenua o me paramedics, he tuari hoki no whawhati tata tiaki hauora.

hōtaka mātauranga homai nga tikanga tika ki te ako ki te pānui me te tuhituhi i te rōpū tino maha o te taupori - te peasants. kaunihera District iho tangohia kua he whakatau i runga i te hanga o ngā rerewē me te hanga o te hinonga nui ahumahi. utua nui aro i ki te ora ahurea o pa iti, me te Meina: whare tuwhera, akoranga o te wahine, whare pukapuka tūmatanui, me te ētahi atu whare ahurea me te mātauranga. Kia aroha mai, whakangaromia te revolution me te whawhai te pūmanawa katoa kawea e te ki te ora o te whakahounga kāwanatanga o te rau tau 19.

I te wa nei i roto i te mau haapiiraa hītori me ngā whakataetae i oti rawa ki te ako o te mua o tona whenua taketake, te mahi noa:? "" Order "," Zemsky Sobor "," Tāhuhu "," kāreti "- e rawa nui" e kia te whakahoki tika "Zemsky Sobor", rite ko reira te ture, me te tahi atu whakanōhanga whakahaere tūmatanui whakarārangi katoa - te whakahaere.