Biopolymers - Ko ... Polymers Plant

He momo nui o āhua matū rerekē o te pūhui i taea ki te synthesize tangata i roto i te taiwhanga. Heoi, ano te nui tino me tino mo te ora o ngā pūnaha ora katoa kua a ka noho rite taiao, matū māori. Ko, rāpoi e kua whai wāhi i roto i nga mano o tauhohe matüora i roto i te tinana, me te he kawenga mō rātou mahi noa.

Ko te nuinga o ratou nui no ki te rōpū e kua te ingoa "waerau koiora."

Ko te ariā whānui o biopolymers

Ko te mea tuatahi ki te mea e enei hononga katoa - High, nona nei papatipu, pa tonu ki milioni o Daltons. Ēnei matū - kararehe me te huawhenua waerau, e tākaro he wāhi whakatakotoria i roto i te hanga o ngā pūtau, me o ratou hanganga, whakarato pākia, ahotakakame, respiration, kai me te tahi atu mahi faufaa katoa o tetahi rauropi ora.

Pe si◊aki te hiranga o taua pūhui uaua. Biopolymers - he matū māori o te take mai tūturu, e kua hanga e i roto i kaiao ora me ko te pūtake o te ora katoa i runga i to tatou paraneta. He aha rite ko te hononga ngā ratou?

biopolymers pūtau

He rota o ratou. Ko te kupu, nga biopolymers nui ko te whai ake:

• pūmua;
• polysaccharides;
• waikawa karihi (pītau-ira me RNA).

Haunga enei, i konei ko reira taea ki te whakauru maha waerau whakauru e kua hanga e i ngā o kua whakarārangitia. Hei tauira, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins me etahi atu.

āhuatanga noa

He maha ngā āhuatanga e te hunga noa ki nga rāpoi ngota katoa i roto i te pātai. Hei tauira, te whai ake i ngā āhuatanga whānui o biopolymers:

• taimaha rāpoi nui e tika ana ki te hanganga o macrochains nui ki putanga i roto i te hanganga matū;
• momo o hononga i roto i macromolecules (hauwai, katote taunekeneke, attraction hiko, hononga disulfide, peptide here, me ētahi atu);
• te wae hanganga o ia iahiko - wae monomeric;
• stereoregularity ona e ngaro i roto i te hanganga o te mekameka ranei.

Otiia i roto i te whānui, ko katoa o biopolymers tonu atu rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga me te mahi, kaua ki te ōritenga.

pūmua

O te faufaa rahi i roto i te ora o nga kikokiko katoa, he rāpoi ngota pūmua. Taua biopolymers - ko te pūtake o te koiora. I muri i te katoa, ara i runga i te ariā o te ora Oparin-Haldane o runga i te whenua i ahu mai i te rūrūtia coacervate, e ko te pūmua.

Ko te hanganga o enei matū e ngohengohe ki te auautanga tino i roto i te hanganga. Ko te pūtake o ia pūmua Kei toenga waikawa amino e te hunga nehenehe o tūhono ki ia atu i roto i te roa mekameka mure ore. mahi tenei e hanga he hononga motuhake - peptide. i hanga te here taua te i waenganui i te huānga wha: waro, te hāora, hauota, me te hauwai.

Ko te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota pūmua e taea ngā te rota o ngā toenga waikawa amino rite te taua rerekē ranei (he torutoru tekau o mano atu ranei). Katoa tupu i roto i te hanganga o enei momo waikawa amino o pūhui, i reira e 20. Heoi, ratou ngā ngā taea te pūmua ki tupu i roto i te rahinga me te momo hanganga.

pūmua, biopolymers i rerekē conformation mokowā. Hei tauira, kia tīariari he māngai i roto i te puka o te hanganga tuatahi, tuarua, tuatoru ranei quaternary.

Ko te tino ohie me te rārangi kotahi - tuatahi. Ko reira noa te maha o raupapa waikawa amino hono.

conformation Tuarua he hanganga matatini ake, mai macrochains te pūmua katoa nga tīmata helical, hanga coils. E tū e rua kei macrostructures tata muri ki tetahi ki tetahi e tika ana ki te hauwai me te kotuari taunekeneke i waenganui i ngā rōpū o ngā ngota. Te wehe alpha me peta helix hanganga tuarua o pūmua.

hanganga Tuatoru ko te pōkai koru i roto i te macromolecule (polypeptide mekameka) pūmua. whatunga Tino matatini o taunekeneke i roto i te globule tenei taea ki reira kia makona pūmau, me te pupuri i te puka riro.

conformation Quaternary - he atu mekameka polypeptide me koru pōkai miro karapotia e te kupu hoki tahi hanga hononga maha o ngā momo. Ko te hanganga flare tino matatini.

Ko te mahi o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua

1. Transportation. Kei te kawea te reira i roto i te wahi o te wē membrane pūmua pūtau. ahua ai ratou takere katote, e e taea ki te haere etahi rāpoi ngota. Ano, he tokomaha pūmua he wahi o te kaupapa o organelles o hātare me huakita, reira, e whai wāhi hāngai i roto i to ratou kaupapa.
2. Ko te mahi pūngao e mahi ana i te raraunga, ko te rāpoi kaha rawa. Ko tētahi karamu o te pūmua i roto i te pākia e te tikanga 17.6 kJ. Na reira, ko te kohi o ngā hua tipu, me te kararehe kei roto i enei pūhui, e mea faufaa ki kaiao ora.
3. āhuatanga Construction Ko te whai wāhitanga o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua i te hanga o te nuinga o nga hanganga pūtau o te pūtau ratou, te kopa, okana, a na i runga i. Tata te waiwai hangaia tetahi pūtau i enei rāpoi ngota (cytoplasm cytoskeleton, wē membrane, ribosome, pungaraungao me kua whai wāhi atu ngā hanganga i roto i te hanganga o te pūhui pūmua).
4. kawea te mahi catalytic te i na whākōkī, e, i to ratou natura matū, he kore noa iho ano he pūmua. Te kore e hei whākōkī e taea te nuinga o nga tauhohe matüora i roto i te tinana, mai ratou e - kaiwhakakökï koiora i roto i ngā pūnaha ora.
5. Receptor (tohu hoki), tauturu te mahi te pūtau ki whakatere me te whakautu ki tetahi huringa i roto i te taiao, e rua hangarau me te matū.

Ki te te pūmua i roto i te pātai i roto i te hohonu nui, he reira taea ki te tohatoha i te tahi mahi atu tuarua. Heoi, whakarārangitia he taketake.

waikawa karihi

Taua biopolymers - ko te wahi nui o nga pūtau, ahakoa prokaryotic eukaryotic reira ranei. I muri i te katoa, ngā waikawa karihi DNA (deoxyribonucleic) me tuipūmua (waikawa ribonucleic), ia o nei ko te huānga tino nui mō te mea ora.

Na roto ratou natura matū o te DNA me te RNA raupapa he nucleotides hono e here hauwai me te piriti Phosphate. Kei te hanganga o nucleotides DNA pērā i:

• adenine;
• thymine;
• guanine;
• cytosine;
• deoxyribose huka pyatiuglerodisty.

āhuatanga RNA te i roto i taua thymine whakakapia te ki uracil, me te huka - ribose.

Nā ki te whakahaere hanganga motuhake o te DNA rāpoi ngota taea ki te mahi i te maha o ngā mahi faufaa. RNA hoki whai wāhi nui i roto i te pūtau.

Taumahi taua waikawa

waikawa karihi - biopolymers e he kawenga mo te mahi e whai ake nei:

1. DNA ko te kaitiaki me te tuku o te mōhiohio ā-ira i roto i te pūtau o kaiao ora. I roto i ngā prokaryotes, tohaina te rāpoi ngota e i roto i te cytoplasm. Ko te pūtau eukaryotic ko roto te pata wehea karyotheca.
2. Kei te wehea rāpoi ngota pītauira Double-paea ki ngā wāhanga - te ira e hanga ake te hanganga o te pūira. Ira o ia he puka motuhake he waehere iranga i roto i nei nga tohu katoa whakamuna rauropi.
3. Ko o toru momo RNA - kopu, ribosomal me te waka. Ribosomal whai wāhi i roto i te ariā me te whakaminenga o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua i runga i te hanganga tēnā. Matrix me tuku mōhiohio lau i te DNA, ka kīa tona tikanga koiora.

polysaccharides

Ēnei pūhui - ko te nuinga waerau huawhenua, e ko, e kitea ai i roto i nga pūtau o otaota. Ko reira tino taonga i roto i polysaccharides o te taiepa pūtau, e Kei roto cellulose.

Na roto ratou natura matū, polysaccharides - he hanganga matatini macromolecule o te warowaihā. Ka taea e kia rārangi, papanga conformations crosslinked. Waetahi Ko te rima ohie, maha e ono-waro huka - ribose, kūhuka, te huahuka. He nui hoki mea ora, mai wahi o nga pūtau he tipu rāhui matūkai e piri ki te tuku moni nui o te pūngao.

Hiranga o ngā māngai rerekē

waerau koiora Tino nui pērā i te māngaro, cellulose, inulin, glycogen, chitin me etahi atu. E he ratou puna nui o te pūngao i roto i ngā kaiao ora.

Ko te kupu, cellulose - he wāhanga whakahauanga o taiepa tipu pūtau o etahi huakita. E horo'a te reira te kaha, he tetahi āhua. I roto i te ahumahi, whakamahia te tangata ki te hanga o te pepa, o muka tāpia.

Māngaro - Tohungia tipu matūkai, i te mea ano hoki he hua kai nui mō te tangata me te kararehe.

Glycogen, ranei kararehe ngako, - ngā matūkai rāhui i roto i nga kararehe, me te tangata. mahi te reira i te mahi o te mātao waiariki, te puna pūngao, te tiaki aunoa.

biopolymers whakauru i roto i te hanganga o nga mea ora

I tua atu ki te hunga e kua whakaaro matou, i reira e ngā ngā o pūhui tiketike-rāpoi. Taua biopolymers - he hanganga matatini whakauru o pūmua me lipids (lipoprotein) ranei o polysaccharides me te pūmua (glycoproteins). He taea hoki te huinga o lipids me polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides).

Ia o enei biopolymers he maha ngā momo e mahi i roto i te mea ora e te maha o ngā mahi nui: waka, kē, receptor, ture, enzymatic, hanga, me te tini ke atu. Ko to ratou hanganga matū rawa matatini me wetemuna kore māngai katoa, na e kore e te tino tautuhi te mahi. I reira, kua mohiotia ai anake ki te noa tino, engari nui o nga toenga o nga rohe o te matauranga tangata.