Ngeniwhero: hanganga, puka me te mahi. Ko te hanganga o te tangata pūtau toto whero

Erythrocytes i huaina hemocyte, nehenehe o te pūtoto tika ki te kawe hāora ki te hau te kopa me te hauhā - ki te pūkahukahu. Ko te hanganga pūtau ohie tenei, he he faufaa nui mo te ora o whāngote me ētahi atu kararehe. Ko te nui tino te pūtau toto whero momo pūtau o te tinana: e pā ana ki te hauwhā o ngā pūtau katoa o te tinana - he reira te pūtau toto whero.

regularities General o te oraraa ngeniwhero

puta pūtau i te hematopoiesis iroriki whero - He pūtau toto whero. Ko te ra enei pūtau hua e pā ana ki 2.4 miriona, tomo ratou te bloodstream, ka timata ki te mahi i a ratou mahi. I roto i te ngā, te mea i whakaritea e te pakeke pūtau toto whero, tona hanganga kei te tino raweketia whakaritea ki te tahi atu pūtau i roto i te tinana, e ora 100-120 ra.

vertebrates katoa (ki okotahi onge) i hāora romahā ki te kopa kawea e ngeniwhero pūtoto. He okotahi: te mau melo katoa o te hapu o te ika "ma-matao" i reira kahore pūtoto, ahakoa e taea e ratou synthesize reira. Mai memeha pai te pāmahana o ratou hāora taiao i roto i te wai, me te wē toto, ka reira kawe atu nui e he erythrocytes, e kore e enei ika e hiahiatia ana.

pūtau toto whero o chordates

I roto i te pūtau taua, rite te pūtau toto whero, he hanganga rerekē i runga i te piha haapiiraa o chordates. Hei tauira, i roto i ika, manu, me amphibians rite te Morphology o enei pūtau. rerekē ratou i roto i te rahi anake. Puka pūtau toto whero, te rōrahi, te rahi, me te ngaro o etahi organelles rerekē i ētahi atu pūtau kararehe, e te hunga i te tahi atu chordates. He Kei te hoki he ona ake tauira: pūtau toto whero o kararehe e kore e roto i organelles faufaa me te karihi pūtau. He nui iti ratou, engari i te mata whakapā nui.

Whakaaro i te hanganga o te poraka me te erythrocytes tangata, e taea te tāutuhia tonu ngā āhuatanga noa. Kei roto ngā pūtau rua pūtoto, me e whai wāhi i roto i te waka hāora. Ko e iti pūtau tangata, he porotītaha ratou, ka whai rua papa kōpapa. erythrocytes Frog (me te manu, ika me te amphibians, salamanders anake) porohita, to ratou he karihi me organelles pūtau, e taea te whakahohe ki te tika.

I roto i te tangata pūtau toto whero, rite ngā pūtau toto whero o whāngote teitei, kahore karihi me organelles. erythrocytes Rahi koati - 3-4 microns, tangata - 6,2-8,2 m. I amfiumy (caudate ika whenua) te rahi pūtau o 70 microns. Oia mau, te rahi, ko te take nui. Tangata pūtau toto whero, ahakoa iti, engari he wāhi mata nui e tika ana ki te kōpapa rua.

Te rahi iti o nga pūtau me ratou tokomaha nui tukua he hua nui i roto i te kaha o te toto ki te here te hāora, e kore inaianei te whakawhirinaki i runga i ngā āhuatanga o waho. A he nui enei hanganga o te tangata pūtau toto whero āhuatanga no te ratou tukua ki a koutou ite whakamarie i roto i te tetahi wāhi noho. Ko reira he mehua o te urutaunga ki te ora i runga i te whenua, kua tīmata nei ki te whakawhanake noa i roto i amphibians me ika (kāore, i taea ki te noho i te whenua e kore katoa te ika i roto i te tukanga o te kunenga), a tae te tihi o te whanaketanga i roto i te kararehe teitei.

Ko te hanganga o te tangata pūtau toto whero

Ko te hanganga o ngā pūtau toto tei runga i te mahi i whakaritea ki a ratou. Kua whakaahuatia te reira i toru ngā tirohanga:

1. Āhuatanga o te hanganga waho.
2. hanganga Wae o ngeniwhero.
3. Ko te Morphology ā-.

Waho, i roto i te kōtaha, rite ngeniwhero biconcave kōpae me te mua titiro reira - rite te whare herehere a tawhio. Diameter noa 6,2-8,2 micron.

E mea pinepine tapaea i roto i ngā pūtau serum ki ngā rerekētanga iti i roto i te rahi. A, no te heke oma rino hē me te pani toto e mōhiotia ana anisocytosis (maha pūtau ki rerekē te rahi o, me te diameter). A, no te nui haere folate hē huaora B ₁₂ ranei te ki megaloblasts ngeniwhero. Ko tōna rahi, ko te pā ana ki 10-12 microns. Ko te rōrahi o te pūtau tonu (normocytes) 76-110 mita pūtoru. um.

e kore te mea anake te āhuatanga o enei pūtau - te hanganga o ngā pūtau toto whero i roto i te toto. Tawhiti atu nui atu i to ratou tokomaha. Ko te āhuatanga iti tukua ki te whakapiki ake i to ratou maha, a reira, te wāhi mata whakapā. riro mahi hāora e te tangata pūtau toto whero, nui atu i te poraka. Na ko te nuinga māmā hoatu i roto i te kopa o te erythrocytes tangata.

He tino nui te tau. I roto i te ngā, he pakeke i roto i te mirimita pūtoru kei 4.5-5.5 miriona ngā pūtau. I roto i nga koati e pā ana ki 13 miriona pūtau whero toto ia ritamano, me ngā ngārara - anake 0.5-1.6 miriona ika 0,09-0,13 miriona ia ritamano. He tamaiti hou tatau pūtau toto whero ko a tawhio noa 6 miriona ia ritamano, i te feia ruhiruhia - iti iho i te 4 miriona ia ritamano.

mahi o erythrocytes

pūtau toto whero - pūtau toto whero, te nui, te hanganga, mahi me ngā āhuatanga o e whakaahuatia i roto i tenei whakaputanga, he mea tino nui mō te tangata. ite ratou te tahi mau mahi tino nui:

• hāora waka ki te kopa;
• whakawhiti te hauhā i te kopa ki te pūkahukahu;
• tāoke here (glycated pūtoto);
• whai wāhi i roto i ngā whakautu ārai (me ārai mate ki te huaketo e tika ana ki ngā momo hāora kaha e nehenehe o tuukino pā i runga i te mate toto);
• E taea e ki te aro ki te tahi mau raau taero;
• whai wāhi i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te hemostasis.

Haere tonu whakaaro o te pūtau taua ko te pūtau toto whero, papaitia tona hanganga te nui taea ki te whakatinana i te mahi i runga ake. Ko ia te tino Kōmāmā me pūkoro, kua he mata whakapā nui mō te tūringiringi hau me tauhohe matū ki pūtoto, a hohoro wehea a whakakiia ana i roto i te mate toto piringa. Ko te pūtau tino motuhake ki te whakakapi i te mahi e kore e taea ano o nei tenei.

membrane ngeniwhero

I roto i te pūtau taua, rite te pūtau toto whero, he tino māmā te hanganga, e kore e faaohipa i te reira ki tona membrane. Ko ia 3-whenu. hautanga Mass o te membrane ko 10% o te pūtau. Kei a ia ko 90% te pūmua, me te% 10 anake o te lipids. Tenei hanga te pūtau toto whero e pūtau motuhake i roto i te tinana, kia rite ki i roto i tata taea atu lipids membrane katoa i runga i pūmua.

erythrocytes Puka Mārō tika ki fluidity o te membrane cytoplasmic taea rerekē. Waho o te membrane ko te apa o te pūmua mata he maha nui o ngā toenga warowaihā. Tenei glycopeptides, i raro i nei kei te te bilayer lipid, pito hydrophobic anga roto, me te waho o te ngeniwhero. I raro i te membrane, ko ano te apa mata i roto pūmua ngaro toenga warowaihā.

complexes ngeniwhero receptor

Ko te mahi o te membrane ko ki te whakarite i te deformability o pūtau toto whero, i te mea e tika ana mo te irava capillary. I roto i tenei take, te hanganga o te tangata pūtau toto whero whakarato kaha atu - taunekeneke pūtau me te nāianei -hiko. Pūmua ki ngā toenga warowaihā - he rāpoi ngota receptor e e kore he pūtau toto whero i roto i te "whainga" CD8-leukocytes me macrophages o te pūnaha ārai mate.

pūtau toto whero i roto i receptors tīariari a kahore e ngaro e ratou ake pūnaha ārai mate. A ka ngaro te hua o te pana maha i roto i nga tōiti ranei e tika ana ki erythrocytes kino pūkaha etahi receptors, macrophages kōateate "ahu" i to ratou bloodstream me te whakangaro.

Ko te hanganga ā-o te ngeniwhero

He aha te mea te pūtau toto whero? e kore te mea iti iho te moni i te mahi i tona hanganga. Tenei pūtau rite te putea ki te pūtoto, membrane-rohe, i runga i nei faaite mau farii ohipa: tautau o te pārōnaki me te whānuitanga o ngā rōpū toto (Landsteiner, rH, Duffy me i te tahi atu). Otiia i roto i te pūtau he motuhake, me te tino rerekē i ētahi atu pūtau i roto i te tinana.

e whai ake te rerekētanga: pūtau toto whero i roto i nga wahine, me te tangata e kore e roto i te matua, e kore ratou e whai ribosomes me kiriuwhi. nekehia enei organelles katoa i muri i te whakakī i te cytoplasm o te pūtau pūtoto. Na ka ki organelles kitea kia tikanga, no te mea hoki e aki ana i roto i te tōiti e hiahiatia pūtau ki ngā āhuatanga iti. No te mea kei roto te reira anake roto pūtoto, me te maha o ngā pūmua pŭpŭ tauturu. e kore te mea mārama ano ratou tūranga. Otiia e tika ana ki te kore o kiriuwhi reticulum, ribosomes me te karihi ka reira marama, me te kiato, me tino nui, e taea te ngāwari hauā ki te membrane inu. Na ko nga āhuatanga tino nui o te hanganga o ngā pūtau toto whero enei.

lifecycle ngeniwhero

Ko te āhuatanga matua ko te pūtau toto whero i roto i to ratou oraraa poto. e kore e taea e ratou wehe me te synthesize te pūmua e tika ana ki te tango o nga pūtau nucleus me te mea kino hanganga ki to ratou pūtau kohikohi. Ka rite ki te hua, pūtau toto whero āhuatanga o hoholo. Heoi, ko te pūtoto riro e te i te macrophages o te kōateate i roto i ngeniwhero mate ka tonu kia tonoa ki te hanganga o kawe hāora hou.

Ko te huringa ora o te pūtau toto whero tīmata i roto i te hinu wheua wheua. Ko tenei okana reira i roto i te rauemi rihi: i roto i te whaturei, i roto i nga parirau o te wheua Illium o te turanga angaanga, me i te kōhao o te pūkaka. He te hanga e waehere mua o myelopoietic pūtau kakau toto i raro i te mana o cytokines (CFU-GEMM). Reira na wehewehe hematopoietic hoatu tupuna, whakaritea ki te waehere (BFU-E). Mai i hanga e te reira i te mua o te erythropoiesis, tohua nei e te waehere (CFU-E).

E huaina ana te taua pūtau pūtau koroni-hanga o te iroriki toto whero. Ko reira tairongo ki te erythropoietin - he āhua hormonal taonga, excreted e nga whatukuhu. Te whakanui ake i te nui o te erythropoietin (i runga i te parau tumu o te urupare pai i roto i ngā pūnaha mahi) accelerates wehenga me te hanga o erythrocytes.

hanganga o ngā pūtau toto whero

Ko te raupapa o panoni o wheua wheua pūtau CFU-E ko e: kua hanga e te reira i erythroblast, a i reira - pronormotsit hoatu ara normoblast basophilic. Ka rite ki te pūmua whakaeminga riro te reira normoblasts polychromatic, normoblasts me ka oxyphilic. I muri i tango o te karihi riro te reira reticulocytes. tomo Last te bloodstream me te rerekëtanga (pakari) ki te pūtau toto whero noa.

whakangaromanga o ngā pūtau toto whero

Tata komuhumuhu 100-125 ra o pūtau i roto i te toto, tonu te maua e hāora, me te tango hua o pākia o nga kopa. mauranga reira here ki te pūtoto hauhā me ka tukua reira hoki ki te pūkahukahu, wā kotahi whakakī ratou rāpoi pūmua o te hāora. A ki te whānuitanga o te whara, me te ngaro i te rāpoi ngota phosphatidylserine receptor rāpoi ngota. No te mea o tenei, taka te ngeniwhero "i raro i te hōkai" o te macrophage, a huna iho ratou e. He heme i takea mai i pūtoto i roto i te katoa digested whakahaua ano ki te ariā o erythrocytes hou.