Boris Chertok, he kaiputaiao-kaihoahoa Soviet me Russian: biography, tohi

I roto i te rau tau rua tekau, kua hanga e Russia te tupuni katoa o mātauranga, techies ngingila, ko tona whai ki te raupatu o te ao e kore e taea te amuitahiraa. Kei te whakapono te reira e te kaipūtaiao-kaihoahoa Boris Evseevich Chertok e te wahi motuhake i roto ia ratou. Tona makehe maitai ahurei hoahoa "aau" missiles - ngā pūnaha whakahaere. Nui aro utua ia ki te whanaketanga me te amiorangi kōrero.

Whakakapia te rua tekau-iwa i roto i te tuatahi

I whanau i roto i te 1912, i mua i te roa o te Oketopa Revolution, mate tata Chertok (i roto i te 2011). Ora tata te rau tau, me te pupuri i ora te ngakau neke - te reira utu reira! "Me tatou ki te mahi rite te roa rite taea mo te painga o te hapori - ko te ngaro tenei," - e ai ta Chertok. Boris Evseevich haurongo i timata i roto i Lodz (Poland tenei ra, rite kei mua i runga i nga whenua o te Russian Empire), ka haere mai ki tenei ao o te rua tekau-iwa o Pepuere. ka mea tuatahi o Maehe Making tupuna taunakitanga.

1914 - te wa ka te rere o rerenga rere nga mamae e kawea te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. Rere atu i te scenes nanakia o te pakanga o Lodz, e mau ana i roto i ona ringa i te tama taitamariki, whakaaro nga matua o tetahi anake te mea: me pehea ki te ora. Tau matahiti i muri, e riro te tamaiti he academician, pukenga rangi. Ko te ingoa o te Hero o pāpori Reipa, taata tei mau o tohu maha ngā kore anake te rārangi o "te Best kaihoahoa rererangi Russian," engari i te tūranga o ngā kaihōpara wāhi mara ao.

puta ngākau Chertok tikanga i te kura. Devyatiletki puta ia i roto i 1929. Heoi, he tau ki muri i roto i te moheni "Radio katoa" ka haere mai te whanaketanga tuatahi o te tamaiti Soviet ohie (ao irirangi ngongo).

I te ara ki te pōkairua kura nui

I te iwa rau toru tekau tau o te tangata taitamariki i haere mai ki te hinonga rererangi nui te whenua o - te tau tipu 22. Mei (Energy Institute) puta noa i roto i te tekau-ki te tohu i roto i te engineering hiko. E te wa i te rawa hou-mātanga kore tetahi ārai i runga i te rongoā hangarau nui (supersereznye ratou ki te tango i te iti rawa i te taputapu tuku aunoa, te pononga te hikohiko atamai).

Trust o hoa, "i mua o" te tītohu kura nui. I roto i te kotahi mano e iwa rau e toru tekau-rima o nga tau (kē i mua i te mutunga o te whare wānanga ki te awatea) nga ākonga wahi-wā pūmanawa Engineers i KB, i reira ko te kingi, me te atua Victor Bolkhovitinov (ki 1936 mahi Design Bureau i te wāhanga o te tipu tau 84, i roto i te 1939 - i runga i № hinonga 293 Khimki).

Here mahi Boris Chertok nga tau katoa whawhai, mai iwa tekau. Kei roto te ara record taonga te mōhiohio e whai ake nei: he mātanga i roto i te taputapu hiko (kaipūkaha mata), he rite ki te rere waka whai parirau o nga wikitoria o te Te Tai Tokerau Pou heke mai (te matenga "pervoprolettsev" - Michael Vodopianov) ia, ka hopu i te motokā Sigismund Levanevskogo, te wahi maia hanga he rere Linipeeki USSR - America.

Ko te hōneatanga

I roto i te Bolhovitinovskom KB Boris Evseevich hanga kaupapa ahurei hiko. I runga i a ratou, kohia te katoa-Union Electrotechnical Institute tauira o mea i raro ki te whakamātautau pākaha. Nga ngā puta o te taputapu e hiahiatia ana pōma taimaha hōia rawa ki te whakaputa rererangi tino pono me motors hiko AC.

e mohio ana tokomaha te iwi te ingoa o academician Claudia Shenfera. ahu e ia te tari o mihini hiko Electric Institute, ka tautoko te mātanga taitamariki. Hipanga ki te whakatinana i te pūnaha rererangi taketake angitu i fafauhia. Otiia i kohikohi kapua tupuhi: wahia atu te whawhai ki nga whakaeke.

I roto i iwa e wha tekau-tetahi, i whakatahia te hinonga tino nui korero ki te muri. He maha ngā kaimahi me te taputapu taketake o te tau tipu 293 nii-1 NCAP noho poto i roto i Bilimbai Sverdlovsk rohe. Boris Chertock haamana'o rite nui tinana mahi i te pāmahana rangi, haunga te 50 nga nekehanga, he nohopuku (kore te raa tano ora).

I roto i te puna o 1945 i roto i te Tiamana ki te tono ratonga ki te tonoa rōpū motuhake o pūtaiao. I matou ki ata tūhura te mātauranga waka Tiamana reka. I haere te kapa e Chertok. whakahaere mahi Boris Evseevich te misioni i mua i te tuarua i roto i te 1947. Ia ko Alexei Mikhailovich Isaev mahi pakeke ki Thuringia, ope whakahaere mana kaha o te USSR, te kamupene whakatuwheratia "Te Raven" ( "Tavini"). takoto te ao i roto i ururua i muri i te whawhai, a ka marere ake te tere o te evanelia tākirirangi Soviet-German Huhana Nasí i roto i!

Te tuatoru Reich i 1944-m ahumahi tākirirangi hanga ahumahi hou. whanaketanga tino pai o pūtaiao German panaia hoki nui ake rangahau mahi o te USSR me te United States. Kua whakawhanakehia Chertock me ana hoa pūrere ātete mō te pātīmata o te ranunga wahie-rangi. rapu uaua ko te pūnaha Five and Seven. LRE Electric pātīmata (wai ranei engines tākirirangi matū) ko he pakaruhanga. Minamina ana ite i roto i te kotahi mano e iwa rau e wha tekau tuarua, ki te whakatū i tata-toa "B-1" (matua Kaihanga - ko Bereznyak Isaev). Ko te wahie whakamahia te waikawa hauota me te karahīni.

hui taha'akí

Nii-1 whakawhanakehia he aronga nui, te piha haapiiraa "whenua-whenua" pūnaha mana missiles (fakavaha'akonitinēnití ballistic roa-whānui). I roto i te 1946, i runga i te pūtake o "Rab" tīmata'inisititiutí "Nordhausen" (reira ngā ano "Montana", i tukua "V-22, me te turanga Leestene) Whakaingoatia te Engineer tino o te Kamupene muri ako te ao katoa -. SP Korolev (kaihoahoa tino o te tākirirangi me te wāhi ahumahi o te USSR).

Mai 1946 me tae noa ki te tau 1950, ngā Boris Evseevich te mahi e rua: ko ia tuarua Designer Tumuaki Sergei Korolev me upoko o te tari o ngā pūnaha whakahaere nii-88 Dept. o te Armed Forces o te Union o lepupilika Soviet pāpori. I roto i te 1951 - ngā pūnaha whakahaere Head Tuatahi Design Bureau. Famous kaihoahoa rererangi Russian Chertok, Korolyov ka mahi tata ki te ra teiti ki te mate o tetahi o ratou (kihai i te muri i roto i te 1966).

Ko te tūranga tuarua o te tangata tuatahi

"Āmio-atu" i te nii-88 (1956) ko te taahiraa ki te kamupene hou motuhake i huaina "whakamātautau Hoahoa Bureau tau 1". Mai i 1957 ki te 1963. Boris Chertok - te ringa matau Sergeya Koroleva, te rangatira o tenei whakahaere ahurei.

D. t. N. Chertok i roto i te tau 1963 i whakatairangatia ana ki te tangata tuatahi tuarua i runga i te hinonga pūtaiao. mahi a te wā kotahi haere te tau manga 1, i i roto i te tārere tonu ki te whakawhanake i āmiorangi me ratou pūnaha mana. I muri i te matenga o te Kuini ka tino kaihoahoa Vasily Mishin. Ite, te mohio Boris Chertok ko tona tuarua, me te mātakitaki matatini CDB whakamātautau Engineering.

Mai i 1974 ki te 1992. - Tumuaki Tuarua (i muri General) hanganga matatini pūtaiao-ahumahi "Energy" i runga i te pūnaha mana (SPC - OKB-1 mua, ka haere TSBKEM e V. Mishin, i roto i nga tau rerekē, Glushko, semenov).

e mea faufaa

Ki te kotahi mano e iwa rau, me te iwa tekau toru o tau me i mua i mahue tetahi ao (2011) hai pea "ahi i roto i te ao," whakarato Boris Chertok wā tohutohu ngaio ki te kaihoahoa whānui o te Rocket me Space Corporation "Energía" te ingoa i muri i S. P. Koroleva (i mua - OKB-1 ).

Te whakataki i nga takahanga o te haere roa, fokotuu mutunga iho: ko nga mahi katoa o te tohunga pūtaiao, me te kaipūkaha - ko te iteraa o mahere rautaki e hāngai ana ki te taputapu tākirirangi me waka ātea taua hua mana, e ka meinga nehenehe ratou o te rere roa.

hanga te kura he pūtaiao ngingila, tonu whakakake o reira hāngai i roto i te whanaketanga o ahunga pūtaiao hou. I e whakawakia ai ki runga ki te taumata tae e te hangarau wāhi kāinga, ki Tarahihi me e te tangata. whakawhanakehia Chertok te ariā o te pumau o ngā hanganga, whakahaere o te hanga o nihowhiti urungi me actuators.

Katoa motuhake me te tahoê

pātai taketake whakaongaongatia te whanaketanga atu o te ariā, me te hangarau o te puku tākirirangi me te wāhi te whakatau. ka taea ki te whakaputa i ngā tikanga matatini hoki puta kaipuke tauranga Hydraulics ki te mana mamati me te ake. Ko te tangata i kaha ki te tonu noho i roto i te wāhi o waho.

whakawhanakehia Chertok Boris Evseevich me ana hoa i te taketake o te hoahoa whakaaro motuhake hei wāhanga o te pūnaha kotahi o missiles fakavaha'akonitinēnití. hanga ratou kaupapa nui tākirirangi mooni mo te whakarewa i te ututaumaha (pāpāho).

Ofi timata matou ki te ako i te tauira putanga tohatoha o te kore o te taputapu hangarau, me te hanganga (tika ariā). ka anga ratou ki te whakamārama i te take me ngā tauira o te raruraru. Kua arahina tupeke kounga ki te ahua o te R-7 pere ballistic fakavaha'akonitinēnití. te mau parau tumu atu tino rite i runga i nga whakarerekētanga o tenei merekara o taputapu hōia.

Kia mahara ki te katoa, mahara ahau katoa

I te tau 1999 whakaputaina e ia whakaputaina he pukapuka i nei moni ki wha monograph. Mai reira ka noa inaianei ko reira te kaihoko pai, "mātāpunenga Space" e moemoeā ana ki te tiki tohunga i whenua rerekē, milioni o ngā kaipānui noa. I runga i te taupoki o ngāwari whakaaturia: "." "B. E. Chertok" Rockets me People Ko te kuware, engari uaua te ariā!

Ko te wahine o te kaihoahoa Katherine Golubkina (1910-2004) tohe e tana tane, tona mahi mahi mō ngā tau maha huna i raro i te "whakarōpūtia," ka mea nga uri o te hunga i mahi nei ia taha i te taha. Kua whakawhanakehia kaipūtaiao rongonui tākirirangi me te pūtaiao wāhi, te hanga peka mua unknown o ahumahi.

I mua i te tangata o te rau tau XXI ka haere mai nga mau haamana'oraa tino faufaa o te hanganga o te ahumahi. I muri te tai'oraa i te rōrahi tuatahi, he reira taea ki te ako i roto i te taipitopito te akoranga o te take a Tūkorehu pukumahi: pūtaiao Soviet ki nga tohunga Ingarangi, me te American.

I roto i te pukapuka tau 2 a'oraa Designer e pā ana ki te wa wera i mua i te whakarewatanga o te waka ātea āmio te whenua i roto i te āmionga geocentric (amiorangi horihori), i runga i flights o ngā pūrere fantastic, atu ki te marama, Venus, Mars. E oti rawa Tino he whārangi torutoru ki te hītori o te "Te Tai Rāwhiti", e mau ana ki te tawhiti unknown haere, Yuri Gagarin.

karere ki uri

I roto i te toru o nga rōrahi, whakaahua ana Boris Chertok pehea te tangata Soviet ko he pionie i roto i te hanga o teihana orbital. kua i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, a i roto i te USSR kua tuhituhia maha tuhinga me ngā pukapuka i runga i te hītori o te whenua o te hōtaka wāhi hapori wikitoria. He he he whakaaro i meinga nga haamana'oraa o academician Boris Chertok te tino kōrero, taipitopito. Ko te pukapuka "te tākirirangi me te tangata" toutou tāia i roto i te whenua, me te ki waho.

I roto i te whakamutunga, pūtaiao pepa tuawha ko te kōrero ātahu e pā ana ki te hōtaka, te uhi i te wā i 1968 ki te 1974, ka tetahi i muri i tetahi aru te wikitoria o Ameliká i te ako o te amiorangi tata a whenua - te Moon.

Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga motuhake o tenei rōrahi ko te whakamārama taipitopito o te takenga o te kaupapa Soviet, i timata ki te kia whakatinana i roto i 1970 ki te hanga o te teihana wāhi "Salyut" ka mutu ki te maha-kōwae "Mir" matatini (1980).

pā ana te vahe tino fakangalongata'a ki te ati o "Soyuz-11", i patua cosmonauts Dobrovolsky, Volkov ko Patsaev. mutu te pukapuka ki te whakaahuatanga o te mutunga o te hōtaka N-1 me te whanau o te ISS "Energía-Buran" i raro i Glushko. E hopu ana i te matauranga whakaaro ki te pakanga tōrangapū, hangarau, me te whaiaro i te wa ka i te hōtaka wāhi Soviet i tona kōmata.

I roto i te rua mano e iwa, whakaritea te hongere tuatahi o te pouaka whakaata Russian te tuatahitia o te TV pakipūmeka Roskosmos "Boris Chertok. Koperea i roto i te ao. " He tangata nui, taata tei mau o tohu maha, te hinengaro o Engineers katoa o te wā hou, rite tonu, i korero i te pono, kahore pupuri tetahi, e kore e whakaiti kē, whakaaro e pā ana ki ora me ngā wheako. I roto i te anga whakamutunga, whakapāha ia ki te kuao kaimātai pūtaiao mō te meka e kore i taea e tona whakatupuranga whakaora i te mana nui - te USSR.