Chromium, he huānga matū: whakaahuatanga, ngā āhuatanga, me te kiripuaki o te tātai

Chromium - huānga matū ki tau ngota 24. tenei pakeke, pīataata, whakarewa maitai-hina i te mea pai oro, me e kore e whakapokea ano. Whakamahia i roto i te alloys pērā i kowiri tira, a ka rite ki te paninga. titau te tinana tangata he nui iti o te trivalent chromium mō te huka pākia engari Kr (VI) he tino paitini.

Various pūhui chromium pērā i chromium waikura (III) me pākati pūmura mata, e kotingotingo me e whakamahia i roto i peita, me ngā uhi. Ruby tae whero tika ki te aroaro o tenei huānga matū. Etahi matū, rawa konurehu pākatirua me hāora konutai e whakamahia mo te piti hāora o ngā pūhui matū waro, me (ki te waikawa pungatara) mō te horoi glassware. I tua atu, whakamahia chromium waikura (VI) i roto i te hanga o te rīpene autō.

Discovery me te Etymology

History o te kitea o te huānga matū he chromium. I roto i te 1761, i kitea Johann Gottlob Lehmann i te maunga Ural kohuke karaka-whero, a ka huaina a reira "te mata Siberian whero." Kua Ahakoa hape kua tāutuhia reira rite te pūhui mata ki selenium me rino, ko mau te rauemi he tātai pākati pūmura matū mata PbCrO _4. I teie mahana e mohiotia e ia kia rite ki te krokont kohuke.

I roto i te 1770, tae mai a Pita Haimona Pallas te wahi i reira i kitea Lehman he kohuke mata whero e i ngā āhuatanga tino whai hua o te ngarahu i roto i peita. Ko te whakamahi o te mata Siberian whero rite te peita riro whanaketanga tere. I tua atu, ka huatau te tae kōwhai kanapa o krokonta.

I roto i te 1797, riro Nicolas-Lui Voklen tauira o te ore mata whero. Krokonta mā te ranu i te reira ki te waikawa pūmāota ko CrO ₃ waikura. tawhiti chromium rite te huānga matū i roto i 1798. whiwhi Vauquelin reira na roto i te para i te waikura ki waro. i taea e ki te kitea tohu o chromium i roto i te kohatu utu nui pērā i harariu me emerara hoki ia.

I roto i te 1800, me te Cr te nuinga whakamahia i roto i te peita me te hiako tai. I teie mahana 85% o te whakarewa whakamahia i roto i te alloys. Ko te toenga whakamahia te i roto i te ahumahi matū, te hanga o refractories me ahumahi faaiopoiporaa.

hāngai Pronunciation huānga chromium matū ki te χρῶμα Kariki, te tikanga "tae", no te mea te plurality o pūhui tae e taea te rite reira.

Mining me production

Huānga whakaputaina i chromite (FeCr ₂ E _4). keri Mō te hawhe o tenei ore i roto i Āwherika ki te Tonga. I tua atu, Kazakhstan, India ko Turkey ko ona kaihanga nui. Tūhuratia putunga o chromite nui, engari kei te fakasiokālafi hāngai ratou i roto i katatānga me Africa tonga.

He onge nga putunga o whakarewa chromium taketake, engari te tīari ratou. Hei tauira, kua whakaputaina reira i te oku "angitu" i roto i Russia. Ko te putorino kimberlite taonga i roto i taimana, a awhinatia te taiao whakaiti te puka o te chromium parakore me taimana.

Hoki production ahumahi o te whakarewa chromite ore tukinotia te ki te alkali (konutai waihā, NaOH) whakarewa. ngā tenei konutai pākati pūmura (Na ₂ CrO _4), heke nei te ki waro ki Cr ₂ E ₃ waikura. whiwhi te waikura konganuku e te whakawera i roto i te aroaro o te konumohe silicon ranei.

hua e pā ana ki 15 miriona tana o ore chromite i roto i 2000 tau, i tukatuka nei ki 4 miriona tana o ferrochrome, 70% ngā o koranu chromium-rino, ko te uara mākete tata $ 2.5 Bln.

Āhuatanga matua

Āhuatanga chromium huānga matū ko e tika ana ki te meka i ko reira he whakarewa whakawhitinga o te wha o te taka pūmotu wā me kei waenganui i vanadium me te konupora. Kei roto i te rōpū VI. rewa te reira i 1907 ° C. I roto i te aroaro o te hāora Konqueror tere hanga he kahu angiangi o te waikura e tiaki te whakarewa i te tauhohenga atu ki te hāora.

Ka rite ki te huānga tauwhirowhiro, tauhohe reira ki te matū i roto i te ōwehenga rerekē. Ko te kupu hanga reira pūhui ki te rerekē tohu o piti hāora. Chromium - huānga matū ki āhua matua +2, +3 me +6, o nei 3 Ko te kainga tino. I tua atu, i roto i te wā onge, i reira ko te āhua o +1, +4 me +5. pūhui chromium i roto i te āhua piti hāora +6 he oxidizers kaha.

He aha te tae he Konqueror? Matū huānga homai anodized konumohe harariu hue. Cr ₂ E ₃ te whakamahia mō te oro whakarewa, kua whakamahia hoki reira rite te ngarahu i huaina "greens Konqueror". poke tona tote karaihe i roto i matomato emerara. Chromium - he āhuatanga matū nei aroaro hanga te whero harariu. Na reira te whakamahia te reira i roto i te hanga o te rupi waihanga.

kanoirite

Kanoirite i taimaha ngota chromium i 43 ki te 67. Tikanga, ngā huānga matū kaha o toru puka pūmau: ⁵² Cr, ⁵³ Kr me ⁵⁴ Kr. O enei, te tino noa ⁵² Kr (83,8% o te chromium tūturu katoa). I tua atu, whakaahuatia radioisotopes 19, o nei te kainga tino he ⁵⁰ Kr ki te hawhe-ora nui atu 1,8x10 ¹⁷ tau. I te ⁵¹ Kr hawhe-te ora - 27.7 ra, a i roto i te tahi atu kanoirite iraruke katoa e kore e nui ake 24 haora, a te nuinga o ratou pumau reira iti iho i te kotahi meneti. Ko te huānga hoki e rua meta.

kanoirite chromium i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, te tikanga haere tahi kanoirite o konupora, whakamahia nei i roto i te arowhenua. ⁵³ Cr i hanga e te piraunga ira tukituki o ⁵³ Mn. Ko te ōwehenga o Mn / Kr kanoirite whakapakari atu kōrero e pā ana ki te hītori wawe o te pūnaha solar. Huringa i roto i te hanganga ⁵³ Kr / ⁵² Kr me Mn / Cr o meteorites rerekē fakamo'oni'i e whakaturia karihi hou i tonu i mua i te hanganga o te pūnaha solar.

chromium huānga matū: āhuatanga, te pūhui o tātai

Chromium waikura (III) Cr ₂ E _3, hoki e mohiotia ana sesquioxide, ko tetahi o te waikura wha o tenei huānga matū. Kei te whiwhi te reira i te chromite. Pūhui matomato te tikanga i huaina "matomato Konqueror," ka whakamahia rite te ngarahu mo te peita i runga i tohu me te karaihe. Ka taea te rewa te waikura i roto i te waikawa ki te hanga i te tote, me te alkali whakarewa - chromites.

konurehu pākatirua pūmura

K ₂ Cr ₂ E ₇ Ko te kaihoko oxidizing kaha, me te e meinga ana te reira rite te tikanga mo te horoi karaehe i organics. Hoki tenei whakaaro e whakamahia ai i roto i te wairewa pūhake o te waikawa pūngāwhā kukū. I te tahi taime, Heoi, kua whakakapia reira ki te konutai pākatirua pūmura, e hāngai ana i runga i te memehatanga teitei o te muri. Haunga, ka taea e whakahaere i te reira i te tukanga o te piti hāora o ngā pūhui matū waro e tahuri i te waipiro tuatahi ki te hāparo-tahi, me te ka ki te hauhā.

Ka taea e konurehu pākatirua pūmura chromium meinga dermatitis. Ko pea Chrome te take o te sensitization ārahi ki te whanaketanga dermatitis, ngā i roto i te ringa me ata horoia, i te mea ma'i, me te uaua ki te kia ora. Ka rite ki te tahi atu pūhui o Kr (VI), konurehu pākatirua pūmura carcinogenic. Me whawha ki karapu, me te tiaki e tika ana.

waikawa chromic

pūhui hypothetical He te hanganga H ₂ CrO _4. E kore e kore e Chrome kaua pākatirua pūmura waikawa puta i roto i te natura, engari kua kitea o ratou ng ngota i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā rauemi. "Waikawa Chromic" e taea te kitea i runga i te hoko, i roto i te meka ko reira he anhydride waikawa - trioxide CrO _3.

pākati pūmura Lead (II)

PbCrO ₄ he tae kanapa kōwhai me te he ngā rewakore i roto i te wai. Hoki tenei take, kua kitea taua mea tono rite te ngarahu tae, ka karanga "karauna kōwhai."

Kr me pentavalent Kitautolu

kitea Chrome e tona kaha ki te hanga i hononga pentavalent. hanga pūhui Cr (ahau) me te waiwaro tuwhena. i hanga here Pentavalent i waenganui i ngā ngota chromium. Ka taea te tuhituhi tona tātai rite Ara-Kr-Kr-Ara, Ara tohu ai he rōpū kakara motuhake.

tono

Chromium - huānga matū nei āhuatanga whakaratohia ia maha tono rerekē, etahi o nei e whakaaturia ana i raro.

Konganuku foaki reira ātete ki te waikura, me te mata mōhinuhinu. Na reira wahi o nga alloys Konqueror pērā i kowiri tira, whakamahia hei tauira i roto i te rīnena,,. Kei te whakamahia hoki te reira mo te tono i te paninga Konqueror.

Chromium Ko te whakakōkī mō ngā tauhohe. No te mea hanga reira poru mo te pupuhi o pereki. Ko tōna tai oti kiri. Kei te whakamahia pāhare pāporo bichromate mo te piti hāora o ngā pūhui matū waro pērā i waiwaihā me aldehydes, me te hoki horoi glassware. tavini te reira rite te kaihoko whakatika mo whākano papanga, me te whakamahia hoki i roto i te whakaahua, me te tā.

CrO ₃ whakamahia hoki hanga o rïpene autō (hei tauira, record) e whai āhuatanga pai atu i kiriata ki waikura rino.

Tūnga i roto i te koiora

chromium Trivalent - te āhuatanga matū e hiahiatia ana mo te pākia o te huka i roto i te tangata. I roto i te Area, he rawa paitini hexavalent Kr.

mehua whakatūpato

Konganuku chromium pūhui Kr (III), e kore e te tikanga whakaaro ki te kia mōrearea ki te hauora, engari rauemi kei roto Kr (VI), ka taea e kia paitini ki te ingested hau ranei. Kei te irritating te nuinga taua matū ki te kanohi, kiri me kiriuhi mucous. Ki te rongo tonu o pūhui chromium (VI) kia kino ki te kanohi meinga ki te kahore peratia tika. I tua atu, e mōhiotia ana he carcinogen. He horopeta whakamate o te pūmotu matū - e pā ana ki te hawhe tīpune. E ai ki nga kupu tohutohu o te Health Organization World, te kukū whakaaetia mōrahi o Kr (VI) i roto i te te wai inu he 0.05 mg ia rita.

Mai kei te whakamahia te pūhui chromium i roto i tae, me mo te tanning hiako, kei te maha kitea ratou i roto i ngā wāhi ahumahi oneone, me te manawa whenua whakarerea e rapua e tamâraa taiao, me te ora. Primer kei roto Cr (VI), kei te tonu whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi Aerospace me te ahumahi automotive.

āhuatanga huānga

Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko taketake o chromium e whai ake nei:

• Ko te tau ngota o te 24.
• taimaha Atomic: 51,996.
• ira whakakoero: 1890 ° C.
• ira kohua: 2482 ° C.
• Ko te āhua piti hāora o +2, +3, +6.
• whirihoranga irahiko: [Ara] 3d ⁵ 4s ^1.