Ko te para o te hiriwa: i te kāinga

I tēnei wā, he maha ngā tikanga o te horoi whakarewa, e hāngai ana e rua i roto i te taiwhanga, me i roto i te kāinga mōhiotia. Ko tētahi taua tikanga ko te para, tae noa tata whakamahia anake i hinonga motuhake o hangarau arai.

He aha te mea para

Ko te tikanga, ko te wā "para" tikanga whiwhi i te whakarewa o te viivii tiketike i roto i te raupapa o ngā tukanga ki te tango poke. whakamana ana tēnei tukanga i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga, i ia o nei te tono etahi tikanga physico-matū o te wehenga o matū pokanoa. E mea pinepine i roto i te taua i te ara faaunauna konganuku utu nui.

Ko te rauemi raw mō affinirovaniya i roto i tenei take kia te mau whakapaipai, "pahuka i hiriwa" slurry i muri purenga hiko o nga matū me te koura schlich.

para hiriwa

E mea pinepine, whakamahia tenei tikanga e purea te ki te whakaputa i te hiriwa nui-kōeke. I roto i te whānui, he kahore rerekē i ngā tukanga ōrite kawea atu mo te tahi atu konganuku pai, ferrous kore-ferrous ranei te tukanga. Hei tauira, te para o te koura me te hiriwa i tetahi o nga konganuku konukawata ranei kia te taua. Anake i roto i ētahi wā rerekē te tukanga.

Te ara o te para

I roto i te tukanga hangarau para hiriwa kanohi i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē e toru - kia te whakarewa e horoia o poke, matū, tikanga kupelirovannym -hiko ranei. Varavara whakamahia te tango māota te taikaha. Ko te kōwhiringa o tikanga ko tika ki te nui o te hiriwa e tukinotia me tona huru. A ani i te tikanga me ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga whakaputa.

Me pēhea te ki te whiriwhiri i te ara

Hoki hiriwa nui-kōeke te tīmatanga tono para -hiko. Nuinga, ka whakamahi i tenei tikanga, i reira te mea he putanga ia. tauturu-iahiko whiwhi hiriwa te viivii tino tika ki te piti hāora-whakaiti taunekeneke i roto i nei e kore te poke e tomo i te wa o te horoi.

I roto i te take i reira rongoa Argentum i te puka o te otinga (sulphates rewakore me te pūhau), te tikanga tino economical, me te watea ko te waipara whakarewa matū (i roto i te tahi mau āhuatanga - iahiko) tikanga.

maha wehea alloys Base te whakamahi i cupellation - i roto i tenei take ki te whakapiki ake i te viivii ore o te ranunga māmā.

tikanga cupellation

Hoki tenei momo titau para chashepodobnyh oumu (ahi anga matou) para. Ko te tukanga purenga whakamahia rewanga mata oxidized nei hiriwa e i roto i te aroaro o te hāora. matū poke katoa, tae atu whakarewa, kua wehea i te whakarewa pai, hoatu ana e ia he viivii ore whanaunga: te koranu he koura, me te konukawata whānau konganuku.

Hei kawe i para oumu waikōhua, e hiahiatia ana. whakanohoia te reira i ranunga mata-hiriwa hangarau, i te mea wera tae noa rewa oti. rere te rangi oumu oma taua take piti hāora o te tirotiro o nga wae. Runga ki te whakaotinga o te maimoatanga wera nekehia atu te para kei te ka ringihia ki pakete.

Roto te oumu kapi katoa i te marl - he momo o te paru, taonga i roto i te pākeho, a ka he hanganga maiengi. absorbs te reira i waikura mata i hanga i roto i para, rite ahu te whakamutunga ki te whakaeto ka whai wāhi ki te rere o te hau. I te putanga, i muri i te hāora o poke, whiwhi te koranu ki mata aniwaniwa pīataata. A, no te hangai i te reira i roto i te ranunga ko te umeraa hiriwa kanapa, e tohu affinirovaniya otinga.

whakaaro Cupellation te tikanga purenga taratara tika ki te meka e kore tutuki haere noa oti i poke: katoa konganuku rangatira i roto i te koranu tonu i roto i te wahi. Ko te para o te koura, hiriwa, me te rōpū konukawata konganuku whakamana hoki ratou wehenga e te tahi atu tikanga.

tikanga-iahiko

affinirovaniya-iahiko rite te tikanga whakamana i te rua mahara papa hiko: poke tukanga pitoake tau ana ki te kongakonga hiriwa whakanohoia i roto i te putea, i te pitoiho - te paraharaha i hanga o kore-ha'iriiri maitai. E rumakina ana te electrodes i roto i te otinga whakarewa pākawa ma'a (kukū o ngā katote - 50 mg / ml) i tapiritia waikawa hauota i te mātotoru o 1.5 g / L, ka haere nāianei hiko te.

Kei te haere nga peke pitoake mongamonga undissolved o hiriwa, me te parahanga. Ko te wāhi pitoiho tauira parakore kohia i roto i te puka microcrystalline. kia ara te rōrahi o te hiriwa tukua ki te tahi atu pou o te pūnaha e whakaoho te taiawhio poto. Kia kore ai he āhuatanga taua, tupu whatiwhatinga tioata i raro i te whakaoho otinga oblamyvayutsya electrodes pitoiho whakarara tata te wāhi. ora ake te hiriwa hua te rite te hohenga, me te ka maka ki ingots. He mea nui ki te whakakapi i te kawehiko i wa, a ki te he reira rite parahi te poke, i muri i te tukanga e tika ana ki te tīmata i tona waipara i runga i runga o te pitoiho whakarewa pai.

Ki te mahi a te otinga hiriwa, ano he pūtau iahiko, rite te tikanga whai hua tino mo te wehenga -hiko o te whakarewa. Ka taea e te pitoake e graphite ranei-ha'iriiri (alloys), he pitoiho - kowiri tira. Mānukanuka i roto i te huānga e whakatakotoria ki kore neke atu i te 2 V. te tauhohenga e kawea ano i tae noa ki te waipara hiriwa katoa.

para matū

Ka taea te nekehia atu hiriwa e tikanga matū i rongoā te tote colloids ranei. Ko te tukanga multistage. Hoki te tikanga e hiahiatia ana o te konutai sulfite, tāpiri e e te tauhohe utu wahi ki te mangu hohenga tote whakarewa pai hou. Ki runga ki te whakaoti i te tauhohenga, ringihia te otinga hua te ammoniac tutaraanga (te haukini pūhaumāota) tote ranei. e mutu ai te ranunga tae noa mārama wehenga hautanga - me hanga e wahi mangu, me te mārama. whakatakotoria hiriwa te te whakaaro tonu ki te te introduction atu o tai e kore ai turbidity.

E rua ngā tikanga o te noho wehe o pūhaumāota whakarewa parakore - maroke me te mākū.

Ko te tikanga pākawa waro mo te wehe o te pūhaumāota hiriwa

Tenei tikanga tā whiwhi pūhaumāota hiriwa parakore i te maroke - he taonga i honoa e ki te nui taurite o konutai pākawa waro. Ko te ranunga whiwhi i para wera (hiahiatia ki te whakaki i te kapu i te tirotiro hawhe anake e tika ana ki nui haere rōrahi tika ki hau kunenga). Runga ki te whakaotinga o te hanganga o ngā hua ahua o te tukanga e whakatika te pāmahana, pa uara e hiahiatia ana mō te hononga ata.

I muri te meangiti hiriwa e ora ake me te waiho i raro ki te anō-tango,, i muri nei e taea te whakaaro te hua oti. wāhi tōraro taea e te meka e te houra hangarau he pānga tōraro i runga i te āhua o te para. Ko te painga matua o tenei tikanga o te para matū ko tona tere.

Ko te tikanga whakaora o te tohatoha pūhaumāota hiriwa

Hei ora hiriwa i te otinga kia tango huinga rerekē o tauhohenga - waikawa pungatara ki te konutea ranei rino ranei te tote o te taua konganuku, tae atu konumohe.

Ko te reo pūhaumāota whakaurua tetahi o nga mea timatanga. Ki te slurry hua i ringihia waikawa tīpakohia i te kukū o te 0.2 hautanga papatipu. Tāpiri i te otinga pea i roto i te wahi i te whakahaere i te whānuitanga o te tauhohenga me te refilling pauna i tona otinga. He tohu kounga o te taunekeneke i roto i tenei take ko te kōwhiringa o te hauwai - mutu hau ki te kia hua i te kau o oti whakakorenga o te whakarewa waikawa ngaro ranei (e taea tona kohi faaite pepa tohu).

oti wehe o te tote hiriwa te, riro te pūnaha he atarangi rite ki te arahi. I muri iho, te waikawa tāpiri ki te otinga ki te tahuri i te konganuku faufaa toe whatiwhatinga (te nuinga nekehia ā). Toe rauemi paura (huaina he sima hiriwa) horoia te ki te wai māturu, maroke me te kamaka.

para māota

E hāngai ana te tikanga i runga i te whakaaro e kua tali nga konganuku hiriwa utu nui, me te haumāota i roto i te huru tere huānga utuafare koura, me te konukawata. Tenei taea ki te wehe i te whakamutunga i te taonga purea (i roto i te hangarau o te tukanga para ko te wehenga wa-kai te nuinga o alloys utu nui).

Rough koura whakarewa i roto i te puka o te hau māota e haere i roto i. haamata te pāhekoheko ki te huānga poke momo pai, ka puta te reira hiriwa, e taea muri tīpako i ētahi atu tikanga affinirovaniya i puka pūhui. Te pūhau i roto i te ranunga ara ki te mata e tika ana ki te kiato whakaritea tai raro ki konganuku.

Te whakamahine i roto i te tahi atu te wā

I roto i te take o te parahi i roto i te poke hiriwa auhia e kore te korero o te koranu, me ranunga o konganuku (taea te māngai i roto i te puka o maramara). Na, e taea te rewa hauota me te pungatara waikawa i roto i te whakarewa turanga. matū hāngai whakamahia i roto i te maeke wera ranei (tere o te tauhohenga tei runga te reira).

Hei tango i te takotoranga hiriwa ki te tahu i te ranunga hua i runga i te rama waipiro te pati i te wai ranei. I mahana i raro 50-60 nekehanga he taea ki te whakamahi i te karaihe porcelain ware ranei. E te tikanga taua e taea te wehea te paraihe whakarewa ki nika, he tine mata ranei.

Ko te para o te hiriwa i te kāinga

nga tikanga katoa whakaahuatia ana i runga, te takahi e tika ana mō te whakamahi kāinga i roto i te wātea o te taputapu motuhake, me te wheako. Beginners tamata he pai tikanga -hiko. Tikanga, kawea para i roto i roto i te ara taua o hoapā hiriwa.

Hātepe e 3 kaupae. hiriwa tenei memeha i roto i te waikawa hauota, me ona cementing alloying me para tikanga-iahiko tika hiriwa i roto i te kāinga.

te waikawa hauota Tuhinga

rite pākawa hiriwa te tonu i roto i te tukanga katoa - te tikanga tangohia 50 karamu o whakarewa ia rita o whakarewa (ōwehenga ki te whiwhi 32 go o mau rewa i roto i 80 go o hydrogenated waikura V hauota). Waikawameha hiahiatia i roto i rite ōwehenga ki te wai, me te whakaohokia ki te tokotoko karāhe. Ka taea te kawea whakamahine i mā te ranu i te pākawa hiriwa haukini pākawa kawehiko (tauhohe reo ki iti iho i te 7) ki te whiwhi i te taua HNO3. Ki te otinga hua i tapiritia mongamonga o hiriwa. kia te ranunga kia mahue hoki 10-11 haora, rite kore te whakarewa whakawhiti i roto i te whakatārewatanga ka tupu tonu. Pea kōwhiringa tere whero-parauri hau. Ki te riro i te otinga urukehu kikorangi puwhero ranei, tohu te reira i te aroaro o poke rino vitriol ranei. whiwhi te para o te hiriwa ki te waikawa hauota te pai ina he ngaro poke kaha.

Te tango hiriwa sima

I honoa te ranunga ki kaho parahi mo te tauhohe displacement ki te hiriwa. Tata tonu i runga i te mata o te whakarewa pai whero tīmata ki te hohenga ka, e kia waiho ia wā ruru te otinga ki te whakatere i te tukanga. Ki te tino memeha te kaho, e hiahia ana koe ki te whakakapi a ratou ki te hunga hou. I muri whakaaro te tauhohenga i roto i tenei take e ki kia meangiti i te otinga, me tona wehenga ki serebryanotsementnuyu hautanga, me te wahi wai kikorangi.

tātari

Hei wehe tono te whakarewa i te otinga te kōrere me pepa tātari. I roto i te ipu ki te sima rawa rite nunumi otinga: rere parahi tote i roto i te papa o te pukapuka, me te noho tonu i te hiriwa i runga i te mata. I muri tonu hiahiatia 5 wā horoi ki te wai māturu.

Ko pea te otinga te aroaro o etahi nui o hiriwa wäriu. Hei tango i te tote parahi e tapiritia ki te hohenga ka konutai pata.

maroke sima hiriwa. whakamana te hononga kei roto i te para, te whakamahi o te mea ki te mahi ki te kore te he tauira ma tūmanakohia. Whakawerahia te tauira whakanoho ki te karo i te hiahia o te marara hiriwa puehu oxidized ranei. Ko taea ki te tāpiri kei te tunu te mata rewanga houra me te borax konatunatua i roto i ōrite ana ngā wehenga - runga hanga te hanganga whakarewa he kiriata waiwai e tiaki ki mate.

Ko te rauemi hua ko te iti-kōeke. hiahiatia hoki tona horoi atu tino te ki te kawe i roto i-iahiko o te hiriwa. Whakamahine, i roto i tenei take i hanga e te tikanga kua whakaahuatia ana i runga - ko reira watea ki te rewa te whakarewa i roto i te pire.

ārai aituā

He mea nui e kua he pai-hā te ruma. Ka rite ki te tiaki, he karapu, he bathrobe me mōhiti takahi. Ki te karo waikawa tafé i roto i te wai e tapiritia ki te kareti ano, a kahore e hurihia. Takanga HNO3 utu tauhohenga ko te tikanga haumaru tino e ai ki te kawe i roto i te hiriwa para. konatunatua haukini pākawa te i roto i tenei take ki te kawehiko (te reo tauhohenga ko iti iho i te 7). kia takina glassware mō te ātete ki te pāmahana, rite wera tukanga taea nui 100 nekehanga. ki tonu te otinga i roto i kore neke atu i te kotahi toru o te oko ki te karo i tauhiuhi waikawa.

hua

E kore te mea te para o te hiriwa, he tukanga uaua i roto i te aroaro o te tohungatanga motuhake, me te taputapu. Ki te mau koe e taea te kawea nga mehua haumaru i roto i kore i te mea i roto i te taiwhanga.

Ki te whiwhi te tauira whakarewa teitei tono nei te para -hiko o hiriwa i roto i te whare, no te mea whakaiti tenei tikanga te mōrea o poke tomo i roto i te whakamahi o te nāianei.