Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: biography poto, ngā whakatutukitanga, ngā āhuatanga

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - he mathematician Russian tino, mo runga i wha tekau tau - te Rector o Kazan University, he ngā o te Mātauranga, kaiwhakarewa o kore-Euclidean āhuahanga.

Ko te tangata e hoki te maha ahuru matahiti i mua o tona wa, me te kore i matau e ona to'utangatá tenei.

Haurongo Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha

I whanau Nicholas i Hakihea 11, 1792 i roto i te utuafare iti-moni o te pā iti Ivana Maksimovic me Praskovya Alexandrovna. Wāhi o te mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. I te tau o 9, i muri i te matenga o tona papa, i kawea e ia ki tona whaea i roto i Kazan me i 1802 i uru ia ki te kura nui rohe. I muri ia tu'ite i roto i te tau 1807, ka Nicholas he ākonga o te Imperial University Kazan hou whakapumautia.

Raro i ngā akoranga o M. F. Bartelsa

whakahaere aroha Special mo te poto tinana me pūtaiao pāngarau heke mai ki te faatupu i Grigoriy Ivanovich Kartashevsky - he kaiwhakaako pūmanawa, hohonu i mohio a mauruuru tona mahi. Mea oto, i te mutunga o 1806 no te mea o tautohetohenga ki te kaiārahi o te whare wānanga "mo te whakakitenga o te wairua o te tutu, me te tautohe," i tonoa atu e ia i te mahi whare wānanga. anga Akoranga i roto i te pāngarau ki arahi Mihail Fedorovich Bartels - he kaiako me te hoa o te rongonui Karla Fridriha Gauss. Tae i roto i te 1808 i roto i Kazan, ka mau ia ki runga i Tuhinga te ākonga pakari, engari te rawakore.

whakaaetia kaiako New Lobachevskian te ahunga whakamua kua ako e raro i te mātakitaki o taua mahi matarohia rite "Tau Theory" Karl Gauss me te "rehe tiretiera" o te pūtaiao French Pierre-Haimona Rāpāra. Hoki te tutu, pakeke, me nga tohu o te karakiakore i matua te tau ki runga ki Nikolay hāparangi tūponotanga o deductions. E tiaki Bartels whai wāhi wahi ati haamouraa ākonga pupū pūkenga.

ora Kazan University Lobachevsky

I roto i te 1811, i muri i tu'ite i whare wānanga, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, he haurongo poto i te mea he mahu'inga'ia mo'oni 'i roto i te whakatupuranga o muri, ka whakaaetia e te Ariki o te pāngarau, me te ahupūngao, ka mahue i te kura. rangahau pūtaiao E rua - i roto i te taurangi me te rehe, aroaro i roto i te tau 1814 (wā o mua), arahina ki tona hanganga i roto i te Ahorangi Tuarua (docents). Next Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich, whakatutukitanga e ka ka kia tika arotakea uri, tīmata ia whakaako, āta piki haere porohita o akoranga ki a ratou (pāngarau, tātai arorangi, ahupūngao), me te tino whakaaro e pā ana ki te hanganga o te mau parau tumu pāngarau. aroha ākonga me kauhau tino maiohatia Lobachevsky te tau i muri mai whakawhiwhia te taitara o te orometua faahiahia.

whakahau New Magnitsky

Hoki te whakaaro o pehi whakaaro noa, me te huru orurehau i roto i te hapori i te kāwanatanga Alexander i hāngai ahau i runga i te Māoritanga o te karakia, me ona mau haapiiraa Karaitiana pūngāwerewere. Ko te tirohanga faariro i tuatahi whare wānanga pehia. I roto i te Maehe 1819 ka tae te teitei faanahoraa mātauranga ki te arotake o Kazan ML Magnitsky - he māngai o te kura aratai Poari, te tiaki anake e pā ana ki to ratou ake mahi. E ai ki nga hua o ona arowhai ko tino matekiri i te āhua o ngā take i te University: te kore o ngā ākonga karahipi o te whare āhuatanga kino ki te hapori. Na reira, e hiahiatia ana te whare wānanga i ki te whakangaro i te (whakangaro nuitia) - ki te tirohanga ki te tauira haapiiraa mo te ētahi atu.

Heoi, Alexander ahau, i whakaritea e te reira ki te whakatika i tenei āhuatanga i te ringa o te tirohanga kotahi, ko Magnitsky timata ki ngā ngakau nui ki "whakahau tika" ki te taiepa o te whare: 9 whakatārewatia te mahi o ahorangi, whakaurua te aukatinga tino me te aratau pa kauhau kei.

ngā mahi Lobachevsky whānui

whakaahua ana Haurongo Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha te wā uaua whakapumautia i te University o pūnaha hahi-pirihimana, i roa hoki 7 tau. Mau whakamātautau pakeke i āwhina ki te faahepo i te wairua tutu me te wa tino o te kaiputaiao, e kore e waiho e tetahi meneti o te wā noa.

deputized Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky Bartels, e mahue te taiepa o te Whare Wānanga, ka whakaako i roto i ngā akoranga katoa o te pāngarau, ano i roto i te tiaki o te tari tinana, me te pānui i te kaupapa, i whakaako ngā ākonga o te tātai arorangi me te geodesy tae noa ki ahau M. Simonov i roto i te haere ao. He rota o te mahi i haumi kua i roto i a ratou e maka ana i roto i te tikanga i te whare pukapuka, rawa whakakī tona wahi tinana, me te pāngarau. Te taha te ara, te mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, rite tiamana o te komiti whare, mātakitaki i te hanga o te whare matua o te whare wānanga, ka puritia te tūranga o tumuaki o te Faculty o Physics ko Pāngarau mo etahi wa.

Non-Euclidean āhuahanga Lobachevsky

He maha nui o take o te wā, te whakaako whānui, e kore e whakahaere, me te rangahau mahi hei te arai ki te auaha Pāngarau: i haere mai tona pene 2 pukapuka mō ngā kura teitei - "Algebra" (mau hoki te whakamahi o te pūnaha ngahuru) me "Geometry" (e kore e whakaputaina ). I runga i te wahi o te Magnitsky Nikolai Ivanovich i whakaturia te tirotiro tino, no te mea o te faaiteraa o ratou maia me te takahi o nga ture whakapumautia. Heoi, i roto i enei tikanga, whakahaere fakamā ki te mana tangata, mahi pakeke Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich runga te hanga tino o nga turanga o te āhuahanga. Ko te hua o te taua mahi a te kaimahi o nga kaiputaiao ko te kitea o te āhuahanga hou, tino i roto i te ara o te whakahounga tuwhena o te ariā o te wā o Euclid (III rau BC. E.).

kua i roto i te hotoke 1826 kua kawea te mathematician Russian i roto i te pūrongo i runga i te pūtake o āhuahanga tuku ki te arotake i te maha o ahorangi tairanga. Heoi, ko te arotake tūmanakohia (rānei pai ranei ara kino) kua riro mai, a kore e tae te tuhinga o te pūrongo tino ki to tatou wa. Kua whakaurua tēnei kaiputaiao rawa i roto i tona mahi tuatahi "I te pūtake o te āhuahanga", whakaputaina i roto i te 1829-1830 gg. i roto i te "Journal o Kazan." I tua atu ki te whakaatu āhuatanga āhuahanga nui, whakaahuatia Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky he whakamāramatanga parakore o te mahi (mārama delineating tona tonu me te kimi pārōnaki), hetia pēnei ki te mathematician German Dirichlet. Kua hoki Scientists kua hanga he ako tino o te raupapa pākoki, tata te tahi tau ahuru matahiti i muri mai. He mathematician pūmanawa ko te kaituhi o te tikanga o te otinga tau o whārite ki te wā te whana Nō "tikanga Graeffe".

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich: Interesting Facts

Kaitätari Magnitsky, whakararu ana mahi i te tau torutoru, e titau te whakarau unenviable: hoki maha taahoa tāutuhia kōmihana tātari motuhake, ia te neke i tona pou, a tonoa ki te whakarau. whakaritea tētahi atu kaitiaki institution mātauranga i Mikhail Musin-Pushkin, ko wai i kaha ki te mauruuru i te kaha Nikolai Lobachevsky me mo te pou o te Rector o University Kazan tūtohu ia.

Hoki 19 nga tau, mai i 1827, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich (tohu whakaahua i roto i Kazan kite. Runga ake) mahi pakeke i roto i tenei tūranga, te whakatutuki i te ata o tona tamaiti tino. I te pūkete o Lobachevsky - he whakapai ake mārama i roto i te taumata o ngā mahi pūtaiao, me te mātauranga i roto i te whānui, i te hanganga o te tau nui o whare tari (tari tinana, whare pukapuka, taiwhanga matū, kokorangi arorangi me te autō, wāwāhi, awheawhe aunoa). ano ko Rector te kaiwhakaū o te buka aamu tino pūtaiao "te pūtaiao o ngā tuhipoka Kazan University," whakakapi "Kazan Bulletin" me te tuatahi whakaputaina i roto i te 1834. I roto i te whakarara ki te Rector mō te 8 tau arahina e whare pukapuka Nikolai, rave i roto i te whakaako, tuhituhi ako ki ngā kaiako o pāngarau.

E te maitai Lobachevsky e taea e kore ki te pā i te reira āwangawanga aau haavare ore e pā ana ki te whare wānanga, me ona ākonga. Na, i roto i te 1830 i taea e ki te tutakina te rohe ako me ki te whakahaere i disinfection tino ki te whakaora i runga i ngā kaimahi o te korara institution urutā ia. I roto i te ahi e wehingia ana i roto i Kazan (1842) whakahaere ki te whakaora tata whare mātauranga katoa, mea arorangi me te rauemi whare pukapuka. Ano, ka uakina e Nikolai ki te tini haerenga noa whare pukapuka whare wānanga me ngā whare taonga, me kua whakaritea he piha o ngā kaupapa rongonui mo te taupori.

Ngā mihi ki te mau tautooraa maere o Lobachevsky mana, tuatahi-te piha haapiiraa, hei Kazan University pai-rawa kua tetahi o te pai pūtahi mātauranga i roto i Russia.

Pōhēhē me te makanga o nga whakaaro o te mathematician Russian

tenei wa katoa, e kore e te pāngarau mutu i roto i te rangahau haere tonu e hāngai ana ki te whanaketanga o te āhuahanga hou. Kia aroha mai, ana whakaaro - hohonu, me te hou, pera i he ki te axiom whakaaetia whānuitia kua rahua e to'ume'á, a kihai pea i hiahia ki te mauruuru i te mahi o Lobachevsky. Pōhēhē a taea te mea te reira ki etahi whānuitanga o whakawetiweti kore mutu Nikolai Ivanovich: - ". Taupānga o āhuahanga pohewa ki te tahi mau pāwhaitua" i roto i te 1835 whakaputaina e ia "āhuahanga pohewa", me te tau i muri mai E toru nga tau i muri mai, ka kite i te ao te mahi tino whānui o "New Beginnings āhuahanga ki ariā tonu o whakarara", i roto i te poto, te tino mārama izyasnenie ona whakaaro matua.

He wā uaua i roto i te ora o pāngarau

Kaua e whiwhi i te māramatanga o ratou whenua Māori, faaoti Lobachevsky ki te tiki iwi rite-whakaaro noa atu. I te tau 1840 Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich (kite whakaahua. I roto i te arotake) whakaputaina tona mahi ki mārama whakaturia atu nga whakaaro taketake o te reo Tiamana. I whakawhiwhia kotahi kape o tenei putanga ki Gauss, e mahi ia i muri i te scenes o āhuahanga kore-Euclidean, engari kihai i maia ki te korero i roto i te iwi whānui ki tona whakaaro. Ka familiarized ki nga mahi o hoa Russian, tohutohu te Tiamana ki te whiriwhiri tauira Russian ki te Royal Society o Göttingen rite te mema kaituhi. Ve'a e pā ana ki Lobachevsky, korero Gauss anake i roto i tona rātaka me i te porohita o te tangata tino whakawhirinaki. puritia tonu Election Lobachevsky; tupu te reira i roto i 1842, engari ko te tūnga o te pūtaiao Russian, e kore e whakapai ake i te reira: i ia ki te mahi i te University o 4 tau.

Ko te Kawanatanga o Nicholas kore ahau i hiahia ki te aromatawai i te maha nga tau o te mahi Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha me i roto i 1846 nekehia atu ia ia i te mahi i te whare wānanga, mana te ingoa te take: koi ino i roto i te hauora. Ōkawa, i whakaekea te Rector mua te tūranga o te kaitiaki kaiāwhina, engari kahore te whakatakoto i te utu. Taimi nounou ki mu'a te pananga me te fakamasiva heamana professorial Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, he haurongo poto me i ako i tenei ra i roto i ngā kura, tūtohutia kaiako muri Kazan hākinakina A. F. Popova, maitai mau tona otr täkutatanga. whakaaro Nikolai reira tika ki te hoatu i te ara tika i roto i te ora kaha te taitamariki pūtaiao, ki te kitea me te tika ki te pupuri i te heamana i roto i taua mau huru. Ko, ka ngaro katoa i kotahi me i roto i te tikanga tino mo tūranga ratou, ngaro Lobachevsky te whai wāhi ki te arahi i te whare wānanga e kore anake, engari ano te hopoia ki whai wāhi i roto i te mahi o te whare.

I roto i te oraraa utuafare Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich mai 1832 i moea e ia ki a Varvare Alekseevne Moiseevoy. I roto i tenei faaipoiporaa whanau i 18 tamariki, engari e whitu anake kua ora katoa.

Ko te tau whakamutunga o tona ora

Whakaū tango i te take puta noa tona ora, te kore o te āhuahanga hou, mehara ore taratara o hono to'utangatá, he ino koi i roto i te tūnga pūtea (e tika ana ki te kaihau whenua o kua hokona hoki te nama te tokorua) me aue, te faaipoiporaa (mate i te tau 1852, i te tama matamua) pānga te whaiwhaiā i te hauora tinana me te hinengaro mathematician Russian: ia faahitihia te kikokore, ka anga ki te ngaro i tona aroaro. Otiia whakapakeketia kihai i Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky mutu ki te haere i te whakamātautau, haere mai ki ngā kaupapa e mea hakari ana, whai wāhi i roto i ngā tautohetohe mātauranga, ka tonu ki te mahi mo te painga o te pūtaiao. Ko te mahi matua o te mathematician Russian "Pangeometriya" i tuhia whakamatapotia ākonga takinga Lobachevskian te tau i mua i tona mate.

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, kitea i roto i te āhuahanga i arotakea e nga tau kotahi tekau anake i muri e kore he anake te kairangahau o pāngarau hou,. pūtaiao Hungarian János Bolyai, takitahi o nga hoa Russian, whakaurua hoa te Kooti i roto i 1832, tona kite o kore-Euclidean āhuahanga. Heoi, kihai i ana tautooraa mauruuru e hono to'utangatá.

Life Ko te pūtaiao tino, katoa whakatapua ki te Russian Science ko University Kazan, mutu February 24, 1856. i tanumia Lobachevsky, a kihai i mohio i roto i tona oranga, i Kazan, i te urupā Arsk. i muri noa i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti, kua puta ke te āhuatanga i roto i te ao pūtaiao tino. He tūranga nui i roto i te āhukahuka me te whakaaetanga o nga mahi o Nikolai Lobachevsky takaro he ako Anri Puankare, Eugenio Beltrami, Feliksa Kleyna. He matauranga ki e puta āhuahanga Euclidean kē tonu-parirau ki te nui pānga i runga i te ao pūtaiao, me te ki te hoatu i te manawarü ki ētahi atu whakaaro maia i roto i nga tikanga tangohia.

Place me te rā o te whanau o Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky mohiotia ki to'utangata maha, e pā ana ki te pūtaiao tangohia. I roto i te te honore ko Nikolaya Ivanovicha Lobachevskogo i te rua i runga i te marama. Ko te ingoa o te pūtaiao nui Russian he whare pukapuka rangahau o te University i Kazan, ki nei whakatapua e ia he wāhi nui o to koutou ora. Hoki ara Lobachevskian i roto i nga pa maha i roto i Russia, tae atu i roto i Moscow, Kazan, Lipetsk.