Pūhui whanariki. Tohu o te hāora whanariki i te pūhui. pūhui te pūngāwhā o tātai

chalcogen Huingaiti ngā whanariki, - he āhuatanga tuarua e he ahei o hanga he maha nui o putunga ore. He tino whānui, me te āhua ahumahi nui ngāwhā, sulfides, waikura atu pūhui whanariki. Na reira, i roto i tenei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te mea e ratou, e tohu he whanariki ano, ona he mea ohie.

Whanariki me tona kiripuaki

Tenei huānga kua te tūranga e whai ake nei i roto i te pūnaha wā.

1. Te rōpū tuaono, te rōpū matua.
2. He wā iti tuatoru.
3. papatipu ngota - 32,064.
4. tau rangatū - 16, iraoho me ngā irahiko me te 16 ngā iramoe.
5. E pā ana te reira ki te āhuatanga,-konganuku kore.
6. I roto i te tātai lau rite "es", te ingoa o te whanariki huānga, Latin whanariki.

I roto i te natura, i reira e wha kanoirite pūmau ki tau papatipu 32,33,34 me 36. tenei āhuatanga o te ono o tino noa i roto i te natura. E pā ana te reira ki te āhuatanga biogenic, rite te wahi o rāpoi organic nui.

Ko te hanganga hiko o te ngota

E tika ana ki te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga hiko o te ngota pūhui whanariki. Kei te whakahuatia te reira e te whirihoranga tātai e whai ake nei: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^4.

whakaata te tikanga i runga ake i te āhua on o te huānga. Otira, e matau ana tatou e te mea ki te ngota whakarato atu te mana, he mea ka taea ki te tauhoa whawhati irahiko i 3p me 3s-sublayer, aru e tetahi whakawhitinga ki 3d, e tonu free. Ka rite ki te hua, e taui kore anake te honohono, o te ngota, engari ano hoki nga āhua hāora taea katoa. Kei te tino nui haere rite te pai to ratou tokomaha rite te maha o ngā matū rerekē ki whanariki.

Tohu o te piti hāora whanariki i roto i pūhui

He maha ngā kōwhiringa taketake o tenei tohu. Te pūngāwhā ko:

• -2;
• +2;
• 4;
• 6.

O enei, te S tino onge ^+2, te toenga e marara nga wahi katoa. Ko te tohu o te piti hāora o pūhui whanariki i roto i te te tauhohenga ti'aturi me te mana oxidizing o matū katoa. Hei tauira, pūhui ki -2 - sulfides reira. whakaaro ratou tatou he āhuatanga angamaheni o te kaihoko oxidizing.

Ko te teitei te tohu o hāora i roto i te pūhui, ka whai oxidizing kaha taonga te korerotia atu. Kei te kite ngāwari tenei ki te haamana'o tatou i te waikawa taketake rua e hanga i whanariki:

• H ₂ SO ₃ - sulfurous;
• H ₂ SO ₄ - waikawa pungatara.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te mea nui atu pūmau te whakamutunga, pūhui kaha he kukū nui o te kaha rawa nui ki te oxidize.

taonga ohie

Ka rite ki ohie taonga whanariki ko te tioata ataahua kōwhai flat elongated tika. Ahakoa ko anake tenei tetahi o ona puka, no te mea i reira e rua matua whakarerekētanga allotropic o tenei taonga. Tuatahi, monoclinic orthorhombic ranei - ko te kōwhai tenei taonga, tioata, e kore wairewa i roto i te wai, engari anake i roto i ngā whakarewa organic. fragility āhuatanga me te hanganga āhua ataahua kanohi i roto i te puka o te karauna. ira whakakoero - e pā ana ki 110 ⁰ C.

Ki te kore koe e tīpoka i te wāhi takawaenga mā te whakawera i te whakarerekētanga taua, he reira taea ki te wā kitea tetahi atu kāwanatanga - whanariki kirihou. Ko te otinga rubbery Kaore parauri, i runga whakawera atu tinei ano ranei haere ki te puka rhombic.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki whanariki parakore matū, i whiwhi e filtrations maha, ko reira he tioata kōwhai kanapa iti, pakarukaru a tino rewa i roto i te wai. ia ninii i kia taea i runga i te whakapā ki te houku me te hāora kōhauhau. Rerekē mahi matū feunga tiketike.

Te riroraa i roto i te āhua

I roto i te natura, i reira he moni tāpui taiao i nei e tangohia pūhui whanariki ia rite te taonga ohie. I tua atu, kei reira:

• i roto i ngā kohuke, tokahuke me kamaka;
• i roto i te kararehe, otaota me te tangata, kia rite ki te wahi o maha rāpoi organic;
• i roto i te hau māori, hinu me te waro;
• i roto i te tokauku hinu me nga wai māori.

Ka taea e koe te whakaingoa i te tahi o nga kohuke whanariki momona:

• cinnabar;
• pyrite;
• sphalerite;
• stibnite;
• galena me ētahi atu.

Te nuinga o te whanariki hua tenei ra haere ki te hanga ngāwhā. Kei te whakamahia tētahi atu wahi mo ngā take hauora, ahuwhenua, ahumahi matū tukanga ahumahi.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ka taea e ratou te whakaahua i roto i te torutoru kōwae.

1. he rewakore i roto i te waro disulfide, oki, ranei te wai - he pai rewa.
2. waku auroa piki tiaki tōraro.
3. ira whakakoero o 110 ⁰ C.
4. Ko te ira koropupū o 190 ⁰ C.
5. Ki runga ki haere pa 300 ⁰ C i roto i te wai-e rerengia.
6. taea te taonga parakore he ki he tino pai whaiaro whakakā-āhuatanga he pūkākā.
7. I tahaki e tata kahore haunga, engari pūhui hauwai whanariki emit he kakara mangeo o hua pirau. I tua atu i te tahi mau māngai o-rua haurehu waihā.

I mohiotia nga āhuatanga ōkiko o te taonga i roto i te pātai ki te iwi mai i nga wa onamata. Ko reira hoki ratou combustibility o whanariki, a ka tona ingoa. I roto i te pakanga whakamahia asphyxiating me au paitini paitini e kua hangaia i roto i te ngingiha o te pūhui, rite he patu ki hoariri. I tua atu, waikawa ki whanariki hoki i nga wa katoa faufaa ahumahi.

āhuatanga matū

Kaupapa: "te pūngāwhā, me ona pūhui" e kore e tango i te haapiiraa i roto i te akoranga matū kura, engari e rave rahi. I muri i te katoa, he rota o ratou. Ko e tika ana ki te mahi matū o te taonga tenei. E nehenehe te reira e rua ngā āhuatanga oxidizing ki te kaha māngai whakaiti (konganuku, boron, me ētahi atu), me te whakahokinga mai o te nuinga-konganuku kore.

Heoi, ahakoa taua mahi anake ki köwhai pāhekoheko puta i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa. Hoki katoa atu, e hiahia ana koe ki te wera. kia tohua te maha o ngā kāwai o ngā rauemi, i te mea nehenehe o te tauhohe i ki whanariki:

• konganuku;
• -Konganuku kore;
• kawakore;
• waikawa kaha oxidizing - pungatara, me hauota.

pūhui whanariki: momo

Variety ka ratou uara e faataa e nekehanga rerekē o te mema turanga pitihāoratanga - whanariki. Na, e taea te tāutuhia he torutoru momo taketake o matū i runga i te pūtake o:

• pūhui ki piti hāora -2;
• 4;
• 6.

Ki te whakaaro tatou ki nga akomanga, a kahore he tohu o valences, tenei huānga puka pēnei rāpoi ngota rite:

• waikawa;
• waikura;
• pūhui hauwai whanariki;
• tote;
• pūhui ā-rua ki-konganuku kore (waro disulfide, te pūhau);
• matū organic.

Na whakaaroa te hunga matua, a ka hoatu tauira.

Matū ki te piti hāora -2

pūhui whanariki 2 - ko tona conformation ki konganuku, me te:

• waro;
• hauwai;
• ūkuikui;
• silicon;
• ateneke;
• pūtiwha.

I roto i enei wā, mahi reira hei kaihoko oxidizing, mai i enei āhuatanga katoa atu electropositive. A feruri i te hunga nui rawa.

1. disulphide carbon - CS _2. Ko te wai mārama ki te Etera kakara reka. He paitini, taonga pūkākā, me te makape. Whakamahia rite te whakarewa, a mo te nuinga o ngā momo o hinu, ngako, kore-konganuku, pākawa hiriwa, resins me rubbers. Ko reira ano hoki he wahi nui i roto i te hanga o te hiraka tāwhaiwhai - viscose. synthesized te ahumahi i roto i ngā rahinga nui.
2. pūngāwhā hauwai ranei hauwai pūngāwhā - H ₂ S. te hau, a kahore ana tae me te reka reka. Kakara kaha, tino kino, haamana'oraa o te hua pirau. Paihana, depresses te pokapū romahā mā te hono i te katote parahi. Na reira, ka haere mai te reira pau whakahēmanawatanga me te mate. Whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te rongoā, kōtuitanga organic, te hanga o te waikawa pungatara, me ngā rauemi raw rite itoito pai.
3. Kei te whānui sulfides whakarewa whakamahia i roto i te rongoā, i roto i te hanga waikawa pungatara, whiwhi phosphors peita ahumahi, me ētahi atu wāhi. tātai General - _x ahau S _y.

Pūhui he tohu o te piti hāora o +4

pūhui whanariki 4 - he pai te waikura, me nga tai hāngai me te waikawa. He pūhui rawa noa he uara motuhake i roto i te ahumahi katoa o ratou. Ka taea e ratou te mahi kia rite ki hāora, engari whakaatu te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga whakaiti.

pūhui Tātai whanariki i roto i te āhua piti hāora +4 e whai ake nei:

• waikura - whanariki hāorarua SO _2;
• waikawa - H sulfurous ₂ SO _3;
• tai i te tātai whānui ahau _x (SO _{3) y.}

Ko tētahi o te noa tino he whanariki hāorarua, anhydride ranei. Ko te taonga te huitahi ia he kakara o ōritenga tinana. I roto i te tautau nui i hanga i roto i te hūnga o ngā puia, he ngāwari ki te tāutu i na roto i te kakara ona i tenei wāhi.

rewa te reira i roto i te wai ki te hanganga o te waikawa ngāwari decomposing - whanariki. mahi a te reira rite te angamaheni waikawa waikura puka tai, e ngā he katote sulfite SO ₃ ^2-. Tenei anhydride - hau tuatahi, e pā te poke huru taiao. Ko pānga ki te hanganga o te ua waikawa. Industrially whakamahia i roto i te hanga waikawa pungatara.

Pūhui i roto i nei whanariki i te āhua piti hāora +6

Ko ētahi o ēnei anhydride matua pungatara me te waikawa pungatara me ona tai:

• Ngā pūkawa;
• hauwai pākawa ngāwhā.

Mai reira ko te ngota whanariki i roto i te āhua piti hāora teitei, a he tino explainable nga āhuatanga o enei pūhui. Ko ratou hāora kaha.

Pūngāwhā waikura (VI) - whanariki trioxide - tohu te wai ahua te huitahi. He āhuatanga āhuatanga - kaha desiccant kaha. Waho momi. A, no te rewa i roto i te wai whakarato reira tetahi o nga waikawa kohuke kaha - pūngāwhā. Ko te wairewa ero ko reira taimaha paku kowhai wai hinuhinu. Ki te rewa te anhydride e i roto i te waikawa pungatara, whiwhi tatou he pūhui ngā huaina oleum. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te ahumahi mo te hanga o te waikawa.

I roto i tai - ngāwhā - he pūhui tino nui pērā i:

• gypsum caso ₄ · 2H ₂ E;
• baryta BaSO _4;
• te tai;
• pūkawa ngāwha mata me ētahi atu.

E whakamahia ratou i roto i te hanga, te kōtuitanga matū, rongoā, te hanga o mea whatu me te mōhiti, me te ara te ahumahi kai.

Kei te whānui Hydrogensulfates whakamahia i roto i te metallurgy, i reira whakamahia rite te rere. A tauturu i ratou ki tokomaha o nga waikura matatini ki puka pūkawa wairewa whakamahia e te i roto i te ahumahi e hāngai ana iriti.

Ko te ako o te whanariki i roto i te akoranga matū kura

A, no te Ko te pai kei te te whakawhenumi o te matauranga e ngā ākonga e he whanariki, he aha e ona āhuatanga, i te mea he pūhui o whanariki? Grade 9 - te wā pai. e kore ko te timatanga rawa tenei, ka tamariki hou katoa, me te ke. Ko te waenganui i te ako o te matū, ka e tauturu i te turanga whakatakotoria mua, tino taa te tumu parau tenei. Na reira, i roto i te whakaaro o te raraunga tukua ko reira te hawhe tuarua o te piha haapiiraa. Kei te wehea te kaupapa katoa ki te maha poraka, e tu wehe haapiiraa "pūhui whanariki. Class 9".

He tika ki to ratou maha nui tenei. Hoki motuhake whakaaro mo te hanga o te waikawa pungatara i roto i te ahumahi. I roto i te whānui, i homai tenei kaupapa e te toharite o 3 haora.

Ko ngā pūhui matū waro e tuku o te whanariki mō te ako anake i roto i te kōeke 10, ka e whakaaro take organic. pāngia hoki e me te koiora i roto i te kura nui. Ko e mo'oni, he whanariki, he wahi o rāpoi organic, pēnei i:

• thioalcohols (thiols);
• pūmua (hanganga wānanga, i te mea te hanganga o piriti disulfide);
• thioaldehydes;
• thiophenols;
• thioesters;
• waikawa sulfonic;
• sulphoxides me ētahi atu.

Kei te noho taratahi ratou i roto i te rōpū motuhake o organosulfur pūhui. He nui e kore anake i roto i te tukanga koiora o mea ora, engari ano hoki i roto i te ahumahi ratou. Hei tauira, te waikawa sulfonic - te pūtake o taero maha (ahipirini, sulfanilamide streptocid ranei).

I tua atu, pūhui whanariki taua wāhanga tūturu rite etahi:

• waikawa amino;
• whākōkī;
• huaora;
• hormones.