Te tikanga o te kupu "ton mauvais" me ētahi atu tono ta'emanakoa

I roto i te reo hou, kei te haere mai he rota o te nama i tenei ra. Na e te pai. Kei te tonu whakahoutia papakupu o ngā kupu hou o te reo Russian ki kīanga ke rerekē nekehanga o tukatuka me te mapulei. Otiia ētahi wā reira wareware te uara o pakeke, rite kua homai faaiteraa. Na, au e mōhio ka taea ki te whakamārama tino te tikanga o "ton mauvais" "whakatohungatanga" ranei e kore te katoa, me te kotahi enei kupu i tino rongonui.

Way tarahu i Germanism roto i gallinizmy ki anglicisms

tīmata te reira ki a Pita. Mai te timatanga o te Russian hapori kahurangi XVIII rau anaanatae i roto i te ora Pākehā, ahurea, ahua. Pita ahau, hanga St Petersburg, whakatuwheratia he matapihi ki Europe, nui ka whakanekehia te Russian Empire i te ara o Europeanization. Kua tono ia i Holland me etahi o Germany, tahi ki te hangarau, puta ingoa ke mo ratou. Mai taua wa, mahue reira he rota o Germanism, e ko, te kupu e haere mai i roto o nga reo Germanic, rawa i roto i te ahumahi hōia me te pahi. He manarūtanga ki ētahi atu whenua Pākehā - France, Ingarangi - tīmata muri. A, o nga reo o enei whenua tarahu puta rawa i roto i te Russian muri. I te timatanga o te rau tau XVIII kore ano e mohiotia ai i roto i Russia, he aha te mea te tikanga o te kupu "ton mauvais".

riri wera rawa ngā France

Otiia muri iho i te matenga o Pita ahau timata nga ngākau nuitanga o te rangatira, me noblewomen huri tōu te ahurea tino rerekē. Arotahi o fashionistas, toi, tauhou, philosopho me ētahi atu e tiaki e pā ana ki Russian ko France. Te tikanga o te kupu "ton mauvais" i roto i aua tau i taea e whakamārama i roto i te taipitopito i tetahi tamaiti. I roto i Fonvizin, te kaituhi o te rau tau XVIII, i reira he ara he pukuhohe "Brigadier", i kataina rangatira nui e whakanui te French katoa me te matapo pee i tetahi faaiteraa o te ahurea Wīwī, me te kulturku. E ai ki te kaituhi, i te pūāhua whanonga "Brigadier" - mauvais ton. korero rangatira Russian ka tuhituhi i o kakahu ahua ke, karangatia ki ki Voltaire kuia kāinga ratou tamariki i roto i French, na kawea ana ratou ratou, ka whakatokia ratou e te reo Parisian tino. O te akoranga, ka anga reira ki puta tono i te kupu reo French. tūemi New tino hua i roto i te mara o te ahua, te ti- me tikanga, hōia, me te wāhi kiritaki. Ko te kupu "ton mauvais", hei tauira, titi i te wa. Ko te taua pā ki nga kupu katoa i teie nei maheni: "matua", "comme il faut", "pakihi", "haerenga", "hekerangi", "hupa" me etahi atu. haere mai te reira i i te kupu French huaina Gallicisms no te mea i French galls reira tupuna whakahaere.

Na he aha te mea mauvais ton?

Te tikanga o te kupu "mauvais ton" - kino, e kore e ōrite te mahi tikanga rangatira, he tohu, he kupu. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, moveton - he reka kino, ritenga kino. Kupu tauaro - comme il faut (ae, te rawa comme il faut, whakaahuatia nei e Leo Tolstoy i tona tamarikitanga). Ehara i te mea kia nui te whanonga e tutuki te ture whänui ana te whakaaetia o te faatura e, a tika te tangata o tona ake mahi honore. Ko te tikanga, i roto i te XVIII-XIX ariā tenetere tikanga rangatira o matatika, te auraa noa ake atu i teie nei ritenga. Comme il faut me moveton i te nuinga tautuhi te ariā, i whakawakia o te tangata i roto i te hapori.

Ko te rau tau hou - tono hou

Otiia ka haere mai te rau tau e wehingia ana XX, i reira ko te Oketopa Revolution, maturuturu iho te pihi rino. He mārama te reira, o taea e etahi nakawhiti ahurea ke kia kore pātai. I te anga ke, i roto i te oraraa USSR i ētahi atu reo i tono i Russian. Otiia me ki te ahurea o te kamaka, ki "nga Beatles", "te kōhatu Rolling", tahi ki te patiti, me makasini mōhinuhinu ke, me katoa te riria, ka anga reira he rau nga wa atu ātaahua me te fakangalongata'a i roto i te Soviet Union ki tomo Americanisms - tarahu i American English.

rau tau XXI

I tčnei wā i roto i te reo Russian mai te rota o kupu i Ingarihi, etahi kīanga hou o te Hapanihi (i roto i te mara hangarau me te anime) me te reo Caucasian. A ki mohio te tikanga o te kupu "ton mauvais" ka whakamahi i te reira, a ka noho i te rite te haamaitairaa o te mātauranga iwi maramarama.