Ko te piha haapiiraa waenganui - te reira ... i te paparanga o te hapori. Te piha haapiiraa waenganui i Russia me i Europe

Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga matua o te kāwai piha pāpori ko tona mōhiotanga o ia rite "he tikanga o te tuakiri noa, he mema huru o te piha haapiiraa ngā pāpori" (Abercrombie, N., et al. Oraraa totiare Dictionary, 1997). I roto i tenei piha pāpori ko te puka roa, i roto i te rerekē, hei tauira, apa kiritaki. He pū nui o te ariā, ko te ki te whakawhiti i te kai ki te piha haapiiraa o te hapori tuku.

ako TAKENGA

Ka rite ki A.Ş. tuhia Zhvitiashvili ( "Tikanga o te ariā o" piha "i roto i te pāpori Western nāianei", 2005) i tika, whakarongo ki te raruraru o ngā akomanga pūtaiao me whanaunga piha haapiiraa ki ngā āhuatanga e rua:

• āhukahuka o te iti āhua o te ariā rite i roto i te tuhituhi o Karla Marksa;
• aro kaha ki te tukanga panoni i roto i te āhua Russian me nga whenua o Eastern Europe.

I roto i tenei take, te pātai o te tika o te miramira i roto i to tatou hapori, ko tonu te kāwai piha waenganui tuwhera ki tenei ra, e rua i roto i te kāinga, me te i roto i te ariā oraraa totiare ke.

Ko te raruraru o pārōnaki o te ariā o "piha pāpori" i roto i te pāpori Western

pūtaiao Western o te hapori ngā maha ngā ngā tikanga o te ariā o te piha haapiiraa. Tuatahi o te katoa, ko te wehenga atu i te paearu ōhanga tino i roto i te tātari o te piha haapiiraa-tukanga tenei. I runga i te ringa kotahi, hanga tenei taahiraa te whakamātautau atu whānui ariā. I te tahi atu - āhuatanga o te hi'oraa te raupapatanga pāpori riro iti etahi: ko te rohe i waenganui i te ariā o te piha haapiiraa, me te whāriki riro huru iti wehea.

Tohu o te piha haapiiraa waenganui

Mai i te tirohanga o te ohanga Te Hau-ā-uru Tiamana, me te hau, kaiwhakaū o te pūnaha hou o te ōhanga i Germany, Lyudviga Erharda, te piha haapiiraa waenganui - te iwi e tu i roto i roto i te āhuatanga kounga e whai ake nei:

• kiritau-whaiaro;
• E ai ki motuhake;
• te itoito ki te hoatu i to ratou ake oraraa i roto i te ti'aturiraa i runga i te whai huatanga o ratou mahi;
• pūmautanga pāpori;
• motuhake;
• te hiahia ki te whakapuaki ia ratou i roto i te hapori ā-noa me te ao.

I roto i te tahuri, Edgar Savisaar, te pirimia tuatahi mua o Estonia, miramira enei mau huru o te piha haapiiraa waenganui, pēnei i:

• āhuatanga pāpori kainga, me te tino;
• he āhua nui paerewa o ora, te mātauranga me te whakangungu;
• whakataetae nui i roto i te mākete mahi;
• mārama ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā roto i te hapori;
• ore te tōrangapū;
• rawaka motuhake i roto i te tātari o ngā mōhiohio;
• he taumata nui o whaiaro tōtika-i roto i te hapori;
• pānga Mahi i runga i pāpori nui tukanga;
• he taumata nui o fatongia tivira;
• takotoranga, i roto i te tua ki ia ko tona hapu, ki te hapori rite te katoa.

Fakatatau ki ai, i roto i te whakarōpūtanga e rua e kore te mea pera nui te aronga ki te te taha ki ōhanga o te oraraa waenganui-piha, engari ki runga ki te pāpori, me te tōrangapū.

Te piha haapiiraa waenganui, me te piha haapiiraa o ngaio

Te whakatairite i te plurality o ngā āhuatanga waenganui-whānui tangohia e Erhard, ki nga āhuatanga e whakamahi ana i te sociologist American Talcott Parsons, tautuhi ngaio ariā e taea mōhio he tetahi tāpiritanga. I roto i to ratou ngaio outlook parsonsovsky ko te kaitautoko o uara ohaoha-manapori, tae atu - ohipa ngaio, me te taviniraa horo'a noa ki o ratou kiritaki. Ko te aroaro o te ngaio, rite ki Parsons ko Storer, riro kawenga mo te rokiroki, tuku, me te whakamahi o te matauranga motuhake, me te mana motuhake teitei i roto i te parae o kukume ngā mema hou o te hapori ngaio, te tiaki i te taiao, tapatahi, me ētahi atu.

Ko te kupu, Kei te tata hono te ariā o te piha haapiiraa waenganui, me te ngaio i roto i te maha ako oraraa totiare.

Pārōnaki o te me te piha haapiiraa waenganui "hou" "tawhito"

Ko te tikanga o te ariā o te piha haapiiraa waenganui he pū hihiri, tika whakaata ana i te āhuatanga pāpori-ōhanga o te hapori i roto i te tetahi wā o te wā. Ko te kupu, i roto i te tikanga hou o te piha haapiiraa waenganui ko reira he āhuatanga pāpori qualitatively hou.

Mai i te hi'oraa o te American sociologist C. Wright Mills, i roto i te rerekē ki te, te piha haapiiraa waenganui "tawhito" "hou" te nuinga ngā o te kaipakihi iti nei hanga he pai i to ratou taonga ngā. I roto i te tahuri, ko te piha haapiiraa waenganui American te bourgeoisie tuawhenua me ona whenua i te wa ano mahi rite te tikanga o te hanga, te tikanga o te moni, me te hei ahanoa haumi. Ko te kupu, i reira tonu he kaipakihi motuhake, rohe whaiaro-whakaturia ake ngā mahi ngaio. Reipa me te taonga mo te piha haapiiraa waenganui American i rāua. I tua atu, ko ano hoki te mana pāpori o tenei kāwai o tangata tika ti'aturi i runga i te huru o te i roto i te riro o ratou taonga.

Nä, i te "tawhito" piha waenganui i runga i te pūtake kamupene, me te te mārama whakawhāititanga. Ano hoki ona māngai i āhuatanga e motuhake i rua hapori tiketike, me te i te āhua.

Ko te mahi o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i te hapori

Ko te tūranga o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i te pokapū o te pūnaha pāpori kupu whakarato pūmautanga whanaunga me tona pūmautanga. Ko te kupu, ko te piha haapiiraa waenganui - he ahua o te takawaenga i waenganui i nga amo tino o te hanganga te raupapatanga o te pāpori. Ko te kupu hoki ngā mahi mediating arotau tika e tenei hapori paparanga he rawaka te kaha.

I te tahi atu te ringa, rite maha sociologists kāinga, te mata o nui nui ki te whakarite e te mahi stabilizer me te puna o te pūnaha pāpori, arotahi nei i runga i te piha haapiiraa waenganui. Ko te taea tenei whirihoranga anake ka hāngai te piha haapiiraa waenganui ki etahi āhuatanga o ōhanga tōrangapū: ture-e mau ana, mahi mōhiotanga me te kaha ki te tiaki i ō rātou ake ngākau nuitanga, motuhake o te whakaaro me te ētahi atu.

Ko te iho Western

I te tīmatanga, i roto i te whakaaro pūtaiao uru tāutuhia te piha waenganui i ki te iwi, me te tini i roto i te whānui. Hei tauira, i roto i te ariā o Ortega y Gasset ko reira he mediocrity waenganui-piha i roto i te mara o te matauranga me ngā pūkenga. I roto i te Hegel, puta ia rite te papatipu ahua - kahore tetahi etahi whāinga me mana'o.

I waenganui huarahi kāinga me te ke ki te kāwai piha waenganui i roto i te hapori i reira ko te rerekētanga nui. Hei tauira, te piha haapiiraa waenganui i Europa, i ngā o te sociologist French Pierre Bourdieu, i roto i te tua ki te whakapaipai ōhanga tohaina rite tino i roto i te ariā Marxist, kia hāngai ki runga ki te whakapaipai pāpori, ahurea, me te tohu. Kotahi te ahua o te whakapaipai tohu o te whakaaro tōrangapū o Bourdieu. Ko te matau o te mana i whakaritea pakipūmeka, ka haere mai te reira ki te mana ōhanga. I roto i te take o te wahi ahurea o reira i whakaaro tohu o te tītohu taitara mātauranga ranei. whakapumautia te mana pāpori te taitara o te rangatira. Ko te kupu hoki kua hanga i te whakaahuatanga katoa o te hapori waenganui-piha.

Hoki tuhipoka o ko tetahi wāhi nui. I roto i te iho te hauauru o te whenei waenganui o te hapori mōhio o te meka e kore te mea tika te ahanoa o ngā taonga tūmataiti, me te haere tahi ano hoki e te hiahia ki te whakarite i te maha o ngā mahi tūmatanui. Kore, e kore e taea e te mea untouchable, toe tuwhera ki te whakatupu kino i te taha o ētahi atu.

Aparauraa o te raruraru o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i roto i te hapori Russian

Te piha haapiiraa waenganui i roto i Russia ko te kāwai motuhake mo te tautohe pūtaiao i roto i te ariā oraraa totiare. Hei tauira, whakakahore etahi sociologists Western te oraraa o te oraraa o tenei paparanga o te hapori i roto i te wā o te mahi o te Soviet Union me i roto i te whakawhitinga ki te pūnaha pou-Soviet (Zhvitiashvili, 2005). Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga H. Baltsera i Russian hanganga pāpori-te raupapatanga reira ko te aroaro o te paparanga waenganui, engari e rere ke i te reira i te māramatanga puāwaitanga o te ariā o "piha waenganui" i roto i te hapori.

I roto i tahuri, i te Russian sociologist AG Levinson tuhi e kore he nui te pātai o te oraraa o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i Russia hei ahanoa empirically verifiable iho. I roto i tenei take ko reira anake te ingoa i homai ki te rōpū ngā o iwi, i runga i te tikanga o etahi o nga hua ranei. kia kore e whakaritea e te pātai o te oraraa o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i Russia i te taiao i roto i nei whakahaere tono ranei hapori rangahau taketake, me te i roto i te pūtahi tūmatanui, me te tūmatanui, hei tauira - i roto i te anga o te whakaaro tūmatanui. I te wa ano, rite tuhia e te kaituhi, mo te maha kairangahau, ngā i roto i te kōrero e pā ana ki te aroaro / ngaro o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i te pāpori Russian, he pai ki te pārōnaki o taua ariā rite "pūkenga", "mātanga", "whakahaere waenganui" me etahi atu.

Ngā āhuatanga o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i te hanganga o te hapori Russian hou

Ko tā māramatanga Classical arotahi ki runga i nga rangatira o te taonga o te rahi etahi e kore anake, engari ano hoki i runga i nga kawe taketake o ngā uara pāpori -. mahi pāpori-tōrangapū, e tohe nei whawhe pāpori, tura whaiaro me te mana motuhake, me ētahi atu Na, te āhua Russian i roto i te tīmatanga o te 90. whakaaro faaapî te whanaunga rawa i roto i te hapori anake i te taha ki ōhanga.

Ahakoa tenei ra i reira he toenga o te perception e te "pou hapori ā-" ngā tetahi " 'teina'" Solntsevo ranei Tambov mafia "(Simonian AD" piha waenganui:? Pakakinakina ki pāpori mooni ranei ", 2009) - hei tauira, i runga i te pūtake o te aroaro o mihini e rua i roto i te utuafare e, me ētahi atu.

I roto i tenei whakaaro, i te ariā oraraa totiare motu i reira e etahi faingata'a, te wahi i te piha haapiiraa waenganui i Russia ngā mahi matua tūmataiti, a kahore nga Engineers, tākuta ranei kaiako. Ko te take o tenei "tāne i" Ko te meka e whai māngai o pakihi tūmataiti he moni nui ki runga ake i nga tohunga i faahitihia.

He maha kairangahau, te tuhituhi i te aroaro o te hapori Russian te apa kiritaki toharite, whakapono e he tika hoki tona huringa ki te piha haapiiraa tonu-parirau ki te hanga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga:

• huringa hanganga o te ōhanga;
• te hanganga o te tūranga ngā wä;
• huringa i roto i te hinengaro o te hapori;
• whakahounga whanonga me te t. d.

I roto i tetahi take, titau te tukanga o te hanga i te piha haapiiraa waenganui tonu i roto i te hapori Russian o te wā he wā feunga roa.

mua Kirimina, me te hakari o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i Russia

wehenga tahito ki rāngai o te hapori i roto i ngā o paearu ohaoha rite te ngakau parori ki o ariā Marxist i tetahi tika. Māngai o taupori moni rawa, me te super-taonga i roto i te hapori Russian, i reira e maha. Heoi, whakatika te pātai o te pehea nui-rangatira kaipakihi mōhiohio rongonui ranei e tango utu whakapati, e taea te pēnei ki te kāwai o te iwi i te tūranga o te auraa pāpori, me te tōrangapū tino o te kupu. mutu te reira i te meka rawa e kore e noa ratou. Ehara i te mea na maha tangata, pera herea ki te kaha o accomplices (Simonian, 2009).

pūnaha o te hokotanga i Russia ano i tona pānga tōraro i runga i te pū o te hanganga o te ariā o "piha pāpori waenganui." te scam kāwanatanga nui i runga i te tohatoha o te taonga whānui i roto i ngā māngai takitahi o te mahi tūmataiti i whakahaere hei utu o te taonga pera-ka karanga a te iwi. Ana tēnei āhuatanga te anake whakakaha hanganga āhua kino. Ka rite ki te hua, te rangatira o te whakapaipai hou iti rawa tutuki nga whakaritenga o te māngai matarohia o te rōpū, ngā te piha haapiiraa waenganui. Tenei tautoko, rite te SA Dzarasov matua taihara, e kore te momo kouma o te mahara.

Ko te raruraru e takoto i roto i te meka e tenei kāwai o te iwi, ko te taea e ki te hopu i ētahi atu o te pai iwi me ia kahore rawa e taea ki te hanga. Ehara i te ko reira he hara o te unawareness o enei mahi. E pā ana te iwi o te piha haapiiraa waenganui i roto i tēnei kāwai ki te ki tonu te māramatanga o te taonga riro pirihimana ki reira - e kore e rite ki te pai pai-tika ana, engari ka rite ki te hanga e minaminatia me monū whaiaro.

Fakatatau ki ai, e kore e te nomenclature Russian hou manako tetahi mahi tūmatanui mō te taonga i homai. Whakakahore reira, me te ariā rawa o te pai noa, kia rite ki te ātete ki te pehea akono reira te hapori Western o te piha haapiiraa waenganui. Na reira, ko te nuinga o te taupori Russian nui kore ki te ite i te hua o te hokotanga o te wawe 90-doma. Na, ki te pupuri i te inviolability o rawa, he mea e tika ana ki te whai i te pūāhua tika. i raro i anake tenei huru riro taonga tūmataiti te pūtake ōhanga o te hapori ā-tonu-parirau.

Ko te kupu, ko te āhuatanga taihara o te hapori te kore anake whai wāhi ki te hanganga o te piha haapiiraa waenganui, engari arata'i ano hoki ki te deformation o tenei ariā, e hāngai ana nei i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te piha haapiiraa pāpori.