Ngā momo o ngā rautaki i roto i te mahi. Types me ngā rautaki whanaketanga hinonga

He wāhanga matua o tetahi tukanga whakahaere - rautaki. I roto i tenei anga te kite reira rite wā roa-te aronga tino taipitopito e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te kamupene (i roto i ngā, Mo te rautaki te hōkai, ngā puka me te tikanga o tona mahi, nga whanaunga ā-i waenganui i ngā kaiuru katoa o te pūnaha, tūnga o te u i roto i pā ana ki te taiao).

Hoki te mārama nui, kia wehewehe i waenganui i taua ariā rite whāinga me rautaki o te whakahaere: whakaata te tuatahi nga wawata o te pūwāhi mutunga, i te tuarua - me pehea ki te whakatutuki i te reira i roto i te taiao whakataetae hihiri.

I roto i ngā whanui, te rautaki - kia whakaritea akoranga whānui te kamupene o o mahi whai kia hua i roto i te oma roa ki te whāinga e hiahiatia ana.

He aha te anga te faatereraa i roto i te tukanga o te tautuhi i te rautaki whai hua?

I te wā tuatahi, ko te mea e tika ana ki te kitea e tali ki toru ngā pātai matua e pā ana ki te tūranga o te whakahaere i roto i te mākete, ara:

1. He aha te momo o te mahi kia mutu?
2. E kia hoatu atu te aro?
3. E kia titiro pakihi.

Variety o ngā rautaki ki M. Porter

tāutu Ahorangi toru ngā wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga o te rautaki whanonga o te kamupene i roto i te mākete:

1. Leadership i roto i whakaiti utu production. āhuatanga tēnei momo e te meka e te kamupene te whakaiti i te utu o production, te hoko o ngā hua ki te iti, hua i roto i te whiwhi i te nui share mākete whanaunga ki ona whakataetae.

āhuatanga āhuatanga o kamupene e whakamahi i tēnei momo o te rautaki:

• te taumata tiketike o te hanga, supply;
• whanaketanga hangarau me te hoahoa engineering turanga;
• whānui pūnaha tohatoha hua;
• marketing shoddy.

2. whāiti i o production. Āhuatanga e te homogeneity o te tukanga me te hua, te whakamahi o te taputapu motuhake me kaimahi motuhake. Pānga - kiritaki hoko nga hua o te u noa i te utu teitei.

Angamaheni āhuatanga umanga ki tenei whakatinanatanga te rautaki e whai ake nei:

• pūmanawa nui mō te rangahau me te whanaketanga;
• kaihoahoa tino tohu;
• mana te kounga o ngā hua;
• pūnaha tauhokohoko whai hua.

3. Utaina ki te wāhanga mākete motuhake. E arotahi ana te kamupene e kore i runga i te mākete katoa, engari ki te tetahi rōpū o kiritaki anake. I roto i tenei āhuatanga, e taea te kawea te reira i roto i runga ake kaupapa here whāiti rānei, ranei whakaiti, ranei e rua, o rua. Ko te taa o tenei momo o te rautaki - arotahi ki runga i nga hiahia o kahore noa te mākete me te rōpū ūnga o kiritaki.

Ko nga momo i runga o ngā rautaki whakataetae tukua ki te whakaoti i te raruraru matua mō te nuinga o ngā kamupene: ki te whakatutuki i te painga i runga i whakataetae tika. Ratou te āwhina hoki i roto i te whakatau rite pehea tenei e taea te mahi.

Ko nga momo o ngā rautaki whanaketanga pakihi

Ko te hunga nana i whakapumau ratou i roto i te mahi, e huaina taketake. I roto i a ratou i reira e wha huarahi rerekē e pā ana ki te tupu o te kamupene, e pā ana ki te huringa i roto i te āhua taketake o ngā huānga, pērā i te tūranga mākete o te kamupene i roto i te ahumahi, hua, ahumahi, hangarau tetahi (e rave rahi te wā kotahi ranei). Ka taea e kia ia o enei wāhanga i roto i te kotahi o āhua e rua: ko te nāianei ranei faufaa hou.

Ngā momo o ngā rautaki o te rōpū tuatahi - te rautaki tupu takiwa (e pā ana ki ngā rerekētanga i roto i te mākete hua, e rua ranei i kotahi). I muri i tenei akoranga, e te tutava kamupene ki te whakapai ake i te hua hangaia ranei ngana ki te hanga i tētahi tetahi hou, i toe i roto i te ahumahi tawhito.

Ko te āhuatanga mākete, i reira he e rapu whakahaere whai wāhitanga mō te whakapai ake o te āhuatanga o nāianei i roto i te mākete.

te rautaki rōpū tuatahi

Tenei te wehea ki e toru ngā momo:

1. Rautaki ki te whakapakari i tūranga i roto i te mākete (kei te arotahi te kamupene i runga i te hokohoko, te whakatinana tuitui whakapae - te mana ki runga i te whakataetae).
2. Ko te rautaki o te whanaketanga o te mākete (rapu mō ngā mākete hou mo te hua hangaia).
3. Ko te rautaki whanaketanga o te hua hangaia i mua (te whakawhitinga ki te whakaputa o te hua faufaa hou i raro i te hongere supply tawhito).

Ko te rōpū tuarua o ngā rautaki

Rohe - te roha o te kamupene i roto i te rironga o ngā hanganga hou. E tuku Ngā momo o ngā rautaki i roto i tenei rōpū ki rite rautaki pakihi o tupu integrated. huihui Kamupene ki a ratou i roto i te āhuatanga i reira pakihi tika pūmau, a e kore e taea ki te whai i te rōpū tuatahi whakaahuatia ana i runga. I roto i tenei take, e kore e te tupu integrated ārai whāinga kamupene wā roa-. Ka taea te tutuki te reira i roto i te rironga o te taonga, me te pai kia rite ki te roha o te roto.

rautaki tupu Integrated

ngā ratou nga momo e whai ake nei o ngā kaupapa here:

1. tuitui poutū muri (te tipu o te kamupene i roto i te whakataki whakapakari o ngā mana o kaituku katoa, te hanga o te maha o āpiti mo te supply ranei).
2. Whakamua-pa tuitui poutū (tipu o te whakahaere i roto i te whakataki ranei whakapakari i o ngā aroturuki i runga i o ratou tinana tikanga o ngā pūnaha tohatoha, hoko). Ko whai hua i roto i te hui o te roha nui o ngā ratonga takawaenga te kore o takawaenga runga kakari-ranei tenei momo.

Ko te toru o te rōpū

Tenei rautaki o te tupu whänuitanga. E whakamahia ratou, ki te kore e taea e tonu te kamupene ki te whakawhanake i tona mākete, me tona hua, me i roto i te ahumahi.

Ngā momo o ngā rautaki i roto i tenei rōpū e whai ake nei:

1. whänui waengatia (te rapu me te whakamahi i te āheinga anō i roto i te hanga o ngā hua auaha, me te oraraa o te tūranga pokapū i roto i te mahi tawhito).
2. Whakapae whänui (wāhitanga tipu nui kamupene rapu i roto i ngā mākete ngā i roto i te hua hou, hiahiatia te tikanga rerekē te mo te hanga o nei). Here, kia arotahi te whakahaere matua i runga i te hanga o ngā hua hangarau motuhake e taea te whakamahi i te kaha ngā o te kamupene, mo te tauira, i roto i te rohe o te supply. Nā ki te meka i hāngai te hua hou kei i te wāhanga ūnga o te koroheke (matua), he reira kia mahi i te āhuatanga kounga rere hua kua hangaia. He huru nui - he aromatawai tuatahi o ake mātau o te whakahaere i roto i te pā ana ki te whakaputa o te hua hou.
3. whänui kongahu (roha o te kamupene i roto i te hanga o ngā hua auaha i roto i te pūnaha tohatoha taramore). Kei te whakapono te reira e ko tetahi o te matatini tino i roto i ngā o te whakatinanatanga o ngā rautaki whanaketanga tenei e tika ana ki te meka e tei tona whakatinanatanga angitu i runga i ngā āhuatanga maha: te mātau o ngā kaimahi, mākete tau takoto, whakangungu o ngā kaiwhakahaere, wātea o te whakapaipai e hiahiatia ana, me ētahi atu.

Ngā momo o ngā rautaki o te taumata whakahaere hinonga

Ko te whakahaere nui-tauine ki momo hanganga kara o te tikanga kua toru ngā taumata o te whakatau rautaki nui:

• pakihi;
• rangatōpū;
• mahi.

I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, hua tenei momo o ngā rautaki i roto i te whakatinanatanga pai o e taea te whiwhi anake ka ratou pāhekoheko tata. ngā Ia paparanga motuhake te taiao kaupapa here etahi mō muri (mahere rautaki wā raro ko tika ti'aturi i runga i nga whāititanga o ngā rautaki teitei).

E toru ngā taumata o te whakatau rautaki nui

Ko te rautaki tuatahi (rangatōpū, kōpaki) whakaahua ana te ahunga whānui o te tipu te kamupene o, te whanaketanga o ona mahi i roto i nga herenga supply-taha. E whakaatu ana te reira i te ara ki te whakatutuki i te toenga o taonga me ngā ratonga i roto i te whakahaere mātau o rerekē momo o pakihi. E mohio whakatau rautaki i tenei taumata hoatu tino matatini e pā ana ki te whakahaere rite te katoa.

Ko te rautaki rangatōpū ngā te wāhi e whai ake nei:

• tohatoha rauemi e hāngai ana i runga i te tātari kōpaki i waenganui i nga wae pakihi tēnā;
• whänui o te production rite te ara ki te whakaiti mōrearea ōhanga pea, me te whakatutuki tahitanga;
• huringa o te hanganga rangatōpū;
• hanumi, te hopu, me te urunga ki te hanganga kōmitimiti pērā i PPG;
• universalization o ngā waeine arotahi rautaki.

whakatau nui i hanga i tenei taumata, - te whakatinanatanga o ngā hua pūtea wae pakihi ranei anake i runga i te pūtake pūtea.

Ngā momo o ngā rautaki hinonga mō te taumata whakahaere whakaatu ana hoki i te rautaki pakihi (pakihi), e whakarato ana wā roa- painga whakataetae o te kōwae ōhanga. Kei te whakaurua te reira, pera me te tikanga, i roto i nga mahere pakihi me whakaata te meka o te hinonga ki te whakataetae i roto i te mākete hua motuhake (ūnga wāhanga, utu me te hokohoko kaupapa here, painga whakataetae, me ētahi atu.). I roto i tenei whakaaro, kua whakahuatia ano hoki a reira, ngā te momo o ngā rautaki whakataetae. Hoki ngā rōpū e whai wāhi i roto i te kotahi mahi, rautaki rangatōpū ōrite ki te mahi.

E whakawhanakehia ngā rautaki Taumahi me ngā ratonga mahi i runga i te pūtake o te tari kamupene whakaaro i runga (pūtea, ahumahi, kai, rautaki hokohoko , me ētahi atu.). Ratou whāinga - ki te taviniraa i te tohatoha o ngā rauemi (tari), whanonga rapu o te akoranga o te wae mahi i roto i te rautaki whānui. He tauira i roto i te tari hokohoko - te arotahi ki te kimi huarahi ki te whakapiki ake i hoko rōrahi whakaritea ki te wā o mua.

rautaki auaha: maimoatanga, momo

Ko reira he tauira o te whanonga u i roto i etahi tikanga mākete. Tenei rautaki - tetahi o taputapu whakahaere o te whakahaere. I runga i nga āhuatanga whanonga, me te ihirangi, te momo e whai ake nei o rautaki auaha:

- hohe:

he) ārahi hangarau (te whanaketanga o te momo hou o te hua, me te hangarau, haumi i roto i te R & D, tauira whakahaere matatau, ara i roto i ngā āhuatanga tiketike-mōrea);

b) te whai i te rangatira (te whakamahi o hangarau whakawhanakehia e te tahi atu kamupene);

c) ake (i runga i te pūtake o te whakahaere o te production hokona i te rangatira raihana kaiwhakawhanake) ranei;

g) fakafalala (peehia o te hua hou).

- hāngū.

taea hoki te whakarōpūtia ngā rautaki auaha rite ki te tauine:

• ngā he motuhake;
• ngā ki te mākete motuhake;
• hāngai ana te maha o hokohoko;

I runga i te ihirangi o te momo e whai ake nei o rautaki auaha:

• hangarau;
• tukanga mōhiohio;
• tauira whakahaere;
• huringa pāpori.

Ko te tīmatanga - te misioni (waihanga o te whakaaro, no te mea o nei i hanga te kamupene). I runga i tenei kaupapa whakawhanakehia te rautaki whānui o te kamupene.

Katoa o nga momo i runga o ngā rautaki auaha i te taahiraa tuatahi e whai ake nei:

• aromatawai o te taiao o waho o nāianei o te kamupene;
• āhuatanga āhuatanga o te taiao ā-(hangarau, pūtaiao, kaha auaha , me te al.).

Ahua o rautaki hokohoko

Ka taea te whakarōpūtia ratou rite ki te aratohu e whai ake nei:

1. Ki te whakaute ki te hōkai o te mākete:

• rautaki raupatu (whanaketanga hua hou, kiritaki hihiri, te whakawhanake wāhi hou o ngā hua tawhito, kohi);
• rautaki roha (hua i roto i te hanga rōrahi, te raupatu o wāhanga mākete hou);
• monopolization o te wāhanga (ngā rōpū kiritaki rapu ūnga, te wahi i reira he kahore whakataetae, te hanga o te hua hou mo ratou, kiritaki hihiri i roto i tenei rāngai);
• pupuri o tona wahi mākete i roto i wāhanga ūnga katoa (te whanaketanga tonu o te whānuitanga o te momo e tika ana o taonga).

2. Ka rite ki te take taketake, e whakarite tono, nga momo e whai ake nei o rautaki hokohoko:

• taonga o te hiahia nui (aronga i runga i te hanga o te nuinga e hiahiatia ana o taonga kiritaki kahore tohutoro ki te mema rōpū);
• hua kounga teitei (aronga i runga i mōrahi taea i roto i te whakahere i runga i te mākete o te kounga hua o te hua);
• taumata utu (kaupapa here utu e pā ana ki te hua, e te mea e wātea ana ki te nuinga);
• Auahatanga (hanganga o te hua te kore analogues);
• mateakí kiritaki (rohe - te utu tonu o nga hiahia o ngā kiritaki ngā);
• i muri i-hoko ratonga (aronga i runga i muri-hoko-mahi);
• painga atu moni (pūnaha nama o pä, mōhio, utu e harangote).

3. E ai ki te tohu o te whanaketanga o te kaupapa here hokohoko e te e whai ake rautaki:

• urutaunga ki te tono (rangahau mākete, te whakamāramatanga o te kiritaki tono, te hanga i te hua e whakatutuki ana i te hiahia);
• hanganga o te tono (te hanganga o nga whakaaro o nga taonga, tona whanaketanga, whakatairanga o nga hiahia o kiritaki i roto i te hua i hanga).

4. I roto i te whakautu ki te mākete o nāianei tukanga nga momo e whai ake nei o ngā rautaki pakihi (hokohoko):

• whakarite ki te huringa haere tonu (ka taea te aroturuki i te āhua o te mākete me te whakautu tere ki te huri i te reira o nāianei);
• matapae (huringa mua i runga i te pūtake o te faaineineraa o te matapae).

5. I roto i te whakautu ki te akiaki o te rautaki hokohoko wehea te āhuatanga mākete tenei ara:

• urutaunga o hanga (whakaiti hua e hāngai ana i runga i ngā rerekētanga i roto i te tono kiritaki i roto i te putanga ranei);
• huringa whānui (whakapai ake o te hua, me ona rerekē, whakarerekētanga, hanganga o mua);
• huringa utu (urutaunga o ngā kaupapa here utu);
• te huri takere hoko (te whakamahi o rerekē momo o hoko).

6. I roto i te pā ana ki te hua riro te ki te tautuhi i te momo e whai ake nei o ngā rautaki kamupene (hokohoko):

• auaha (te hanga i te hua hou, fafauraa te kamupene o ki te ārahitanga i roto i te mākete e hāngai ana);
• "Wahi Tuarua" (te whai i te rangatira);
• whakapai ake o ngā hua whakataetae (whakatikatika arotakenga o nga painga o ngā hua whakataetae i tona ngä ranei).

rautaki kaimahi: definition, momo

He ki te whakawhanake i te ārahitanga o te kaupapa matua, me te akoranga whai hua te nuinga o te mahi ki te āwhina i te whakatutuki whāinga wā roa-pērā i te hanganga o tino mohio, tata-noho kotahi nei, ngā kaimahi te kawenga, ngā te whāinga rautaki ngā o te kamupene, me ona taea.

whakaritea e te reira ki te tohatoha i te momo e whai ake nei o rautaki kimi kaimahi:

• rakahinonga;
• tupu hihiri;
• moni;
• toremi;
• huringa.

E ai ki te nuinga o nga kamupene ārahi, te rautaki rauemi tangata - wāhanga o te whānui ōhanga, me te he putanga o te whakamahere mō te whāinga roa-o ngā mahi.

Komititanga ake, he mea utu ki te fakamanatu e nga momo matua o ngā rautaki whakataetae - he rangatira i roto i te mara o te arotahi utu me te pārōnaki.